Eddy current

Japanese: 渦電流 - うずでんりゅう
Eddy current

Eddy currents are generated in a conductor when it is moved in a magnetic field or placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also called Foucault currents. When a metal plate is moved between the poles of a magnet as shown in the figure , eddy currents flow in the metal plate. The quadrilateral ABCD in the figure is the part where the magnetic field penetrates the metal plate. When the metal plate moves from outside the magnetic field into the magnetic field, new magnetic flux penetrates that part. Therefore, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, eddy currents flow to counteract this increase in magnetic flux. The same thing happens when a metal plate moves out of a magnetic field. The force that the magnetic field exerts on the eddy currents acts in a direction that hinders the movement of the metal plate, so this principle is used as a brake. If the strength of the magnetic field is changed over time instead of moving the metal plate, eddy currents flow to surround the magnetic field ABCD. The metal plate heats up due to the thermal effect of these eddy currents (Joule heat). This phenomenon occurs in the cross section of the iron core of a transformer, making the transformer extremely inefficient, so the core of a transformer is made of thin, electrically insulated iron plates stacked together to prevent eddy currents from flowing. An example of the positive use of eddy currents is metal heaters in the metal industry. Electromagnetic cookers also apply the heat generation phenomenon caused by eddy currents.

[Shigeo Yamaguchi]

[References] | Magnetic field | Joule heat | Electromagnetic induction | Conductor
Principle of eddy current generation (Diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Principle of eddy current generation (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

磁界(磁場)の中で導体を動かしたり、変化する磁界の中に導体を置いたとき、導体に発生する渦状の電流。フーコー電流ともいう。に示すように磁石の磁極の間で金属板を動かすと、金属板に渦電流が流れる。図で四辺形ABCDの部分は磁界が金属板を貫く部分である。金属板が動いて磁界の外から磁界の中に入ると、その部分には新たに磁束が貫くことになる。そこで、電磁誘導の法則に従って、この磁束の増加を打ち消すように渦電流が流れる。金属板が磁界の中から外へ出るときにも同様なことがおこる。磁界が渦電流に及ぼす力は、金属板の運動を妨げる向きに働くので、この原理は制動器として利用される。金属板を動かすかわりに磁界の強さを時間的に変化させると、磁界ABCDを囲むように渦電流が流れる。この渦電流の熱作用(ジュール熱)のために、金属板は発熱する。変圧器の鉄芯(しん)の断面ではこのような現象がおこって、変圧器の効率を非常に悪くするため、変圧器の電芯は薄い鉄板を電気的に絶縁して重ね合わせ、渦電流が流れないようにしてある。渦電流の積極的な利用例として金属工業における金属加熱機がある。電磁調理器も渦電流による発熱現象を応用したものである。

[山口重雄]

[参照項目] | 磁場 | ジュール熱 | 電磁誘導 | 導体
渦電流発生の原理〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

渦電流発生の原理〔図〕


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