The capital of Hungary. Located in the central-northern part of the country, in the Hungarian Basin, the Danube River runs through the city. It has an area of 525 square kilometers and a population of 1,775,203 (2001). It is the largest city in Central Europe and the center of Hungary's politics, culture, industry, and transportation. It is home to about 17% of the country's total population, with a population density of 3,381 people per square kilometer. Although Budapest is now integrated as a single administrative unit, the Buda district on the right bank of the Danube and the Pest district on the left bank have long developed as independent twin cities. Buda has a long history, and a fortress was built there during the time of the Roman Empire's rule. In contrast, Pest is a low-lying area that was flooded by the Danube and prone to flooding, which delayed its development. However, Buda's mountainous location meant there was little room for land use, and the area was a key transportation hub from north to south and east to west, so it developed rapidly as a commercial city. In 1873, the two cities signed an agreement to merge and came to be called Budapest. Buda is a hilly city with many ups and downs, with the mountains coming up close to the riverbank, and on the hill called Várhegy (Castle Mountain), there are many historical buildings, such as the Hungarian dynasty's royal palace and Matthias Church, where coronations were held. This historical region and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987. Pest is also home to the parliament, the Academy of Sciences, the National Museum, the State Opera and the Pest Concert Hall, among other modern political, scientific, cultural and artistic centres. Budapest is also Hungary's largest industrial city, accounting for about 50% of the nation's industrial production and 26% of the industrial workforce, with a high concentration of industry in the capital. The city's important industrial areas are Cspel in the south and Újpest, a newly developed area in the northern suburbs of the city. The former is an industrial area built on an island in the Danube River, and is conveniently located for obtaining industrial water. The most important products are transport machinery such as trains, ships, and buses, and mechanical industry products such as electrical machinery and machine tools. Among these, Ganz Marbag electric locomotives and Ikarus buses are well known and exported abroad. [Kazuo Furukawa] historyIn 1873, Buda, Óbuda (Old Buda) and the Pest district were merged to form a city. The first mayor was Kamermayer Károly (1829-97). Buda's development was based on the construction of a royal palace here by King Béla IV in the mid-13th century after the Tatar (Mongol) invasion, and it has been a strategic military and political location ever since. Óbuda was called Aquincum during the Pannonian period under the Roman Empire, and was also a place associated with the Hungarian royal family, the Árpád family, but at the time of the merger it was an agricultural area. On the other hand, the foundations of the city of Pest were built by the East Bulgars in the 11th century. Pest, along with Buda, flourished as a privileged city of the kingdom, and especially after the reign of Joseph II (1765-1790), its economic prosperity intensified, and during the Reformation period in the first half of the 19th century, it also became the political and cultural center of the liberal faction. During this Reformation period, Buda and Pest were connected by a bridge, and in 1849, during the Revolution for national independence, the two cities were temporarily united, but after the defeat of the revolution, they were restored to their original state. As Budapest is a strategic location in Central Europe, it has been the target of occupation by other ethnic groups since ancient times and has also been a place of exile. As a result, the ethnic composition of the Buda district in particular is diverse, and even today traces of this can be found in areas of Turkish origin. When the city was established, the population was around 300,000 and the area was less than half of its current size, but the city grew to take on the country's increasingly rapid economic development at the time, and the population rapidly grew to 880,000 in 1910 and 1.38 million in 1944. In 1950, the city took on its current form by incorporating the seven surrounding cities and 16 towns that were already part of the city. It has been the capital of Hungary since it was established as a city. [Ieda Osamu] The capital of Hungary and the largest city in Central Europe. The photo shows the Pest district, where the central political and cultural institutions are concentrated. In 1849, the Chain Bridge was completed over the Danube (foreground of the photo), connecting it to the Buda district. Part of the World Heritage Site "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, Buda Castle District and Andrassy Avenue" (Hungary, registered in 1987 and 2002) Budapest, Hungary ©Fam. Kanagawa "> Budapest city Royal palace on the hill called Castle Hill (Bárhegy) in the Buda district. Built by Maria Theresa in 1770, it was later remodeled in the Neo-Baroque style. Part of the World Heritage Site "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, Buda Castle District and Andrássy Avenue" (Hungary, 1987, 2002 registration) Hungary Budapest ©Shogakukan "> Buda Castle A church in Buda Castle. It was consecrated in the 13th century. It was extensively remodeled by Matthias I in the 15th century. Part of the World Heritage Site "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle District and Andrassy Avenue" (Hungary, registered in 1987 and 2002) Budapest, Hungary ©Shogakukan "> Matthias Church Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ハンガリーの首都。同国の中北部、ハンガリー盆地に位置し、ドナウ川が市内を貫流している。面積525平方キロメートル、人口177万5203(2001)。中部ヨーロッパ最大の都市で、ハンガリーの政治、文化、産業、交通の中心地。同国全人口の約17%が集中し、1平方キロメートル当りの人口密度は3381人。 現在のブダペストは一つの行政単位として統合されているが、ドナウ川右岸側のブダ地区と左岸側のペスト地区は長い間互いに独立した双子都市として発展してきた。ブダは歴史が古く、古代ローマ帝国の領有時代に砦(とりで)が築かれた。これに対してペストはドナウ川の氾濫(はんらん)原となっていた低平地で、洪水などによる水害を受けやすく、その開発が遅れたが、ブダが山がちで土地利用に余裕がないことと、この地が東西南北の交通の要所であったため商業の町として急激に発展した。1873年、両市は合併に調印し、ブダペストと称するようになった。ブダは山が河岸近くまで迫り、起伏に富んだ町で、城山(バールヘジュVárhegy)とよばれる丘にはハンガリー王朝の王宮や戴冠(たいかん)式が行われたマーチャーシュ教会など歴史的建造物が多くみられる。この歴史的地域とドナウ川の河岸は1987年に世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。一方ペストは国会議事堂、科学アカデミー、国立博物館、国立オペラ劇場、ペスト・コンサート・ホールなど現代の政治、科学、文化、芸術の中枢機関が集中している。 ブダペストはまたハンガリー最大の工業都市で、全国の工業生産の約50%、工業従事者数の約26%を占め、工業の首都への集中度が非常に高い。この都市の重要な工業地域は南部のチェペルCspelと、市の北郊に新しく開発されたウーイペシュトÚjpestである。前者はドナウ川の川中島に建設された工業地域で、工業用水の取得に都合のよい立地条件を有している。もっとも重要な製品は、鉄道・船舶・バスなどの輸送機械と電気機械、工作機械などの機械工業製品で、なかでもガンツ・マーバグ社の電気機関車、イカルス社のバスは外国にも輸出され、よく知られている。 [古藤田一雄] 歴史1873年にブダおよびオーブダ(古ブダ)とペスト地区とが合併して市制が発足した。初代市長はK・カムエルマイエルKamermayer Károly(1829―97)。ブダは、タタール(蒙古(もうこ))来襲後の13世紀中葉にベーラ4世がこの地に王宮を築いたことにその発展の基礎をもち、以後一貫して国の軍事的・政治的要地であった。オーブダはローマ帝国領パンノニア時代にはアクィンクムAquincumとよばれ、またハンガリー王家アールパード家ゆかりの地でもあったが、合併時には農業地区であった。他方、ペストの町の基礎は11世紀に東ブルガール人が築いている。 ペストはブダとともに王国特権都市として栄え、とくにヨーゼフ2世時代(1765~90)以降に経済的繁栄を強め、19世紀前半の改革期には自由主義派の政治的・文化的中心地ともなった。この改革期にブダとペストは橋で結ばれ、1849年には民族独立を目ざす革命のなかで一時、合併が実現したが、革命敗北後もとの状態に戻された。 ブダペストは中欧の要地でもあるため、古来、他民族の占領の対象となり、亡命先ともなった。このためとくにブダ地区の民族構成は多様で、今日でもトルコ系住民地域などにその痕跡(こんせき)がみいだせる。また、市制発足時の人口は約30万、面積は現在の半分以下であったが、当時しだいに急速化しつつあった国の経済発展を一身に担う形で市は発展し、人口も1910年に88万、44年に138万へと急増した。1950年には、すでに市の一部となりつつあった周辺の7市16町を編入して現在の姿ができあがった。市制発足以来ハンガリーの首都である。 [家田 修] ハンガリーの首都で、中部ヨーロッパ最大の都市。写真は政治・文化の中枢機関が集中するペスト地区。1849年、ドナウ川に「くさり橋」が完成(写真手前)、ブダ地区と結ばれた。世界文化遺産「ドナウ河岸、ブダ城地区およびアンドラーシ通りを含むブダペスト」の一部(ハンガリー・1987、2002年登録) ハンガリー ブダペスト©Fam. Kanagawa"> ブダペスト市街 ブダ地区、城山(バールヘジュ)とよばれる丘にある王宮。1770年にマリア・テレジアによって建てられ、のちにネオ・バロック様式で改築された。世界文化遺産「ドナウ河岸、ブダ城地区およびアンドラーシ通りを含むブダペスト」の一部(ハンガリー・1987、2002年登録) ハンガリー ブダペスト©Shogakukan"> ブダ城 ブダ城内にある教会。献堂は13世紀。15世紀にマーチャーシュ1世によって大改築された。世界文化遺産「ドナウ河岸、ブダ城地区およびアンドラーシ通りを含むブダペスト」の一部(ハンガリー・1987、2002年登録) ハンガリー ブダペスト©Shogakukan"> マーチャーシュ教会 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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