Force majeure - force majeure

Japanese: 不可抗力 - ふかこうりょく
Force majeure - force majeure

This refers to an external event that cannot prevent the occurrence of damage even if all possible measures are taken. For example, if you are obligated to send a certain item, but are unable to do so because transportation is cut off due to a major earthquake,

Force majeure is stipulated in various cases in the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, but in many cases it allows the exemption or reduction of contractual or tort liability. For example, even if there is a delay in the performance of a debt (other than monetary debt), if it is force majeure, there is no need to be liable (opposite interpretation of Article 419, Paragraph 3 of the Civil Code), and if a tenant of land for the purpose of generating revenue receives less revenue than the rent due to force majeure, he or she can demand a reduction up to the amount of revenue (Article 609 of the Civil Code). Even in torts, when force majeure overlaps, there is a view that the contribution of force majeure should be determined and that part should be reduced from the amount of damages. Also, when the preservation procedure for bills and checks is hindered by force majeure, the preservation period is extended or the preservation procedure is waived (Bills Act, Article 54; Cheques Act, Article 47).

However, there are many cases where force majeure does not affect liability. For example, an emphyteutafer cannot demand an exemption or reduction in rent even if he or she suffers loss in profits due to force majeure (Civil Code, Article 274), and a subpawner is also liable for losses due to force majeure (Civil Code, Article 348).

[Takahisa Awaji]

[Reference] | Contract

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

外部からの事変であっていっさいの方法を尽くしても損害の発生を防止しえないようなものをいう。たとえば、一定の物を送付すべき債務を負う場合に、大地震で交通機関が断たれて送付できなかったような場合である。

 不可抗力は、民法、商法上、種々の場合に規定されているが、多くの場合、契約責任や不法行為責任を免れさせ、あるいは責任を軽減させる。たとえば、債務(金銭債務以外)の履行遅滞があっても、不可抗力であると責任を負わなくてよい(民法419条3項の反対解釈)し、収益を目的とする土地の賃借人が不可抗力により借賃より少ない収益を得たときは、収益の額まで減額を請求できる(同法609条)。不法行為でも、不可抗力が競合したときには、不可抗力が寄与した部分を判断してその部分を損害賠償額から減ずるべきだとする考え方がある。また、手形・小切手の保全手続が不可抗力で妨げられたときは、保全期間を伸長し、あるいは保全手続を免除する(手形法54条、小切手法47条)。

 しかし、不可抗力が、責任に影響を与えない場合も少なくない。たとえば、永小作人は不可抗力で収益につき損害を受けたときでも、小作料の免除または減額を請求できないし(民法274条)、転質をしたものは不可抗力による損失についても責任を負う(同法348条)。

[淡路剛久]

[参照項目] | 契約

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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