The largest city in the state of Pennsylvania, USA. It developed at the confluence of the Delaware River and the Schuylkill River, about 150 km upstream from the mouth of Delaware Bay, which opens into the Atlantic Ocean, and is an old port and industrial city that played a key role in the development of the United States along with New York, Boston, and others. Population: 1,517,550, metropolitan population: 6,188,463 (2000). The population, which exceeded 2 million at its peak, decreased in the latter half of the 20th century. The name means "brotherly love" in Greek. The center is located on a peninsula-like lowland between the Delaware River and the Schuylkill River. The old town stretches north along the Delaware River for about 35 km, with wharves lined up on the riverbank like the teeth of a comb. Geographically, it is located where the Appalachian foothills meet the coastal plain, and it is known as one of the fall line cities, and ocean-going ships can also be found sailing up to this point. The northwestern suburbs are hilly and fertile agricultural land that continues into the Piedmont Plateau. With a rich agricultural region, coalfields, and advanced textile and steel industries, Philadelphia developed into a commercial and industrial city on a par with New York by the end of the 18th century, taking advantage of its location as a maritime and land-based transportation hub. In 1900, it became the third largest city in the United States after New York and Chicago (with a population of 1.29 million). At the same time, it became a cultural center for education, art, music, science, and other fields, and the traditional University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1740) and the Philadelphia Orchestra (founded in 1900) were also founded during this period. The great Benjamin Franklin was also active here. The golden age of Philadelphia was from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. It was the main venue for the 100th anniversary of the founding of the United States in 1876, and 180 exhibition halls were built on the banks of the Schuylkill River, welcoming 8 million visitors. The theme was to show off the industrial technology and commercial trade of the time. The port is known as the world's largest freshwater port, and is connected to major ports around the world. Various industries such as shipbuilding, textiles, clothing, food, and leather flourished. After World War II, industrialization became more diverse, and the city ranked first in metals, machinery, and petrochemicals. In 1950, the population reached an all-time high of 2.05 million, and it still ranked third in the United States. In the second half of the 20th century, as the US industry showed a tendency to disperse to the Pacific coast, the West, and the South, the city's prosperity began to fade. The population also began to decline, and the city was overtaken by Los Angeles in 1960 and Houston in 1981, losing about 20% of its population (400,000 people) between 1950 and 1982. The unemployment rate also increased, and the port's cargo handling volume was ranked 15th in total tonnage and 11th in international trade, and the stagnation of industry became a serious issue. The city played a leading role in the War of Independence and was the capital of the United States for ten years from 1790. The old cobblestone streets and brick houses in the center of the city still bear the weight of history. Independence Hall was the former state capitol and is known as the place where the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitutional Convention (1787) were held. It is a tourist center, with the Liberty Bell in its collection. The luxurious City Hall, with a statue of the city's founder William Penn on its roof, the Conservatory, and the Art Museum also recall the Golden Age. When Joseph Clark became mayor in 1951, the city began to be cleared of slums and redeveloped. The Penn Center, with its wide sidewalks and modern buildings, was completed around City Hall, and the city was reborn as a business center. With modern housing also available, people who had relocated to the suburbs began to return, and this project became famous as a pioneer of redevelopment in the center of large cities. However, much of the old city, excluding the inner city and suburban residential areas, is dominated by large areas of abandoned railroad land, factories, docks, and dilapidated housing, making Philadelphia a typical example of a struggling modern American city. [Tatsuo Ito] This is the hall where the American Declaration of Independence was adopted. It is a two-story red brick building, and at the top of the building is the Liberty Bell, which was rung when the Declaration of Independence was made. There are many buildings related to independence in the surrounding area, and it is now part of the Independence Memorial National Historical Park. World Heritage Site "Independence Hall" (registered in 1979 in the United States) Philadelphia, USA ©Shogakukan "> The American Museum of Natural History (AMAs) is a museum dedicated to the… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ合衆国、ペンシルベニア州の最大都市。大西洋に開くデラウェア湾口から約150キロメートル上流の、デラウェア川とシュイルキル川の合流点に発達し、ニューヨーク、ボストンなどとともに合衆国の発展を担った歴史の古い港湾・工業都市である。人口151万7550、大都市圏人口618万8463(2000)。最盛期には200万を超えた人口は、20世紀後半に至って減少した。地名はギリシア語で「兄弟愛」を意味する。中心部はデラウェア川とシュイルキル川に挟まれた半島状の低地にある。旧市街はデラウェア川に沿って約35キロメートルにわたって北へ延び、河岸には櫛(くし)の歯のように埠頭(ふとう)が並ぶ。地形的にはアパラチア山麓(さんろく)が海岸平野と接する所に位置し、滝線(たきせん)都市の一つとして知られるほか、外洋船もここまでさかのぼることができる。北西部郊外は肥沃(ひよく)な農業地帯が開ける丘陵で、さらにピードモント台地へと続く。 豊かな農業地帯と炭田、高度な技術を備えた繊維・鉄鋼業を背景に、海陸の交通結節点という利点を生かし、18世紀末にはニューヨークと並ぶ商工業都市に発展し、1900年にはニューヨーク、シカゴに次ぐ全米第3位の大都市(人口129万)となった。同時に教育、芸術、音楽、科学など文化の中枢都市となり、伝統あるペンシルベニア大学(1740創立)やフィラデルフィア管弦楽団(1900創設)などもこの時期につくられた。偉大なるベンジャミン・フランクリンもこの地で活躍した。19世紀から20世紀前半までがフィラデルフィアの黄金時代であった。1876年の建国100年祭には主会場となり、シュイルキル河畔に180棟の展示館が建てられ、800万人の入場者を迎えた。テーマは、当時の工業技術と商業貿易を誇示するものであった。 港は世界最大の淡水港として知られ、世界の主要港と結ばれており、造船、繊維、衣料、食品、皮革など多様な工業が活気を呈した。第二次世界大戦後も工業化はますます多様化し、金属、機械、石油化学ではトップにランクされた。また、1950年には人口が史上最大の205万を記録し、依然として全米第3位にあった。20世紀後半から合衆国産業が太平洋岸や西・南部に分散する傾向を示すと、市の繁栄に陰りが生じ始めた。人口も減少に転じ、60年にはロサンゼルスに、81年にはヒューストンに抜かれ、1950年から82年までに約20%(40万人)の人口を失った。失業率も高くなり、港の貨物扱い高でも総トン数で15位、国際貿易では11位に低迷しており、産業の停滞は深刻な課題となっている。 独立戦争では主導的役割を演じ、1790年から10年間は合衆国の首都であった同市は、中心部の古い石畳の道路やれんが造の家並みに、歴史の重みを残している。インディペンデンス・ホール(独立記念館)は元州議会議事堂であり、独立宣言(1776)や憲法会議(1787)の行われたところとして知られ、自由の鐘が所蔵されているなど、観光の中心となっている。市の創始者ウィリアム・ペンの彫像を屋上にのせた豪華な市庁舎、音楽院、美術館なども黄金時代をしのばせる。1951年にジョセフ・クラークが市長になると、中心部のスラムの一掃と再開発が開始された。市庁舎の周辺に広い歩道と近代ビルのあるペン・センターが完成し、ビジネス都心に生まれ変わった。また、近代住宅も整ったため、郊外に移転した人々も戻り始め、この事業は大都市都心部の再開発の先駆として有名になった。しかし、都心部と郊外住宅を除く旧市街地の多くには、衰退した鉄道用地、工場、ドック、老朽住宅などが広く残り、フィラデルフィアは苦悩する現代アメリカ都市の典型といえる。 [伊藤達雄] アメリカの独立宣言が採択されたホール。赤れんが造の2階建てで、その上部には独立宣言時に打ち鳴らされた「自由の鐘(リバティー・ベル)」がある。周辺には独立に関連する建造物が多く、独立記念国立歴史公園となっている。世界文化遺産「独立記念館」(アメリカ・1979年登録) アメリカ フィラデルフィア©Shogakukan"> インディペンデンス・ホール(独立記念館… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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