Hemiptera - Hemiptera

Japanese: 半翅類 - はんしるい（英語表記）Hemiptera

A general term for insects belonging to the order Hemiptera (Hemiptera). They are small to large, and have a remarkable diversity of body shapes. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Their diet is diverse, including herbivorous, insectivorous, blood-sucking, and fungivorous. Their mouthparts are a segmented proboscis (proboscis), which is a characteristic suction opening. Their antennae have 2 to 10 segments, usually 4 to 5 segments, but occasionally 25 segments. Their compound eyes are large, with 2 to 3 ocelli or none. They usually have two pairs of wings, but some male scale insects have only one pair, and some are even wingless. Their abdomen has 2 to 10 segments, and the first segment is often degenerate. They do not have a tail, but some aquatic species have a respiratory tube, and some male scale insects have a tail thread (→ Aquatic insects). Their legs are modified to accommodate their diverse habits, and some scale insects have degenerate legs. The tarsus has 1-3 segments and 1-2 claws. Depending on whether or not they have a throat, this class is broadly divided into Heteroptera (throat-present) and Homoptera (throat-less). Heteroptera (Heteroptera suborder) includes stink bugs, water striders, bell beetles, and bedbugs. Their forewings are divided into a leathery part (base) and a membranous part (tip), and flattened over the dorsal surface. Scent glands open on the surface of the body and secrete a liquid with a distinctive odor. Many of them have a foul odor, but there are also some species, such as water striders, that emit a candy-like odor, as their name suggests. The Homoptera (Heteroptera suborder) is divided into the genu-rachis group, which includes cicadas and planthoppers, and the ventral-rachis group, which includes psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. Usually, both the front and back wings are membranous and of the same material, and are folded into a roof shape. All species of the genus Aucertae, other than cicadas, have sound-producing organs and make sounds. Both the Heteroptera and Homoptera suborders undergo incomplete metamorphosis, and there are more than 60,000 known species worldwide, many of which are herbivorous agricultural pests. In recent years, the two suborders have been treated as orders, and are often distinguished as Heteroptera (Hemiptera) and Homoptera (Leafhoppers). (→Heteroptera, Homoptera)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

半翅目 (カメムシ目) に属する昆虫の総称。微小ないし大型で，体形の多様化が著しく，陸生のものと水生のものとがある。食性は草食性，食虫性，吸血性，菌食性など多様。口器は有節の吻 (口吻) で特徴的な吸収口になっている。触角は2～10節，通常4～5節であるが，まれに 25節のものもある。複眼は大きく，単眼は2～3個または欠如する。翅は普通2対あるが，カイガラムシの雄のように1対のものもあり，さらには無翅のものもある。腹部は2～10節で，第1節が退化するものが少くない。尾毛はないが，水生の種には呼吸管をもつものがあり，またカイガラムシの雄では尾糸をもつものがある (→水生昆虫 ) 。肢は多様化した習性に応じて変形し，カイガラムシのなかには退化しているものもある。跗節は1～3節で，1～2個の爪をもつ。咽喉の存在の有無によって本類は異翅亜目 (咽喉がある) と同翅亜目 (咽喉を欠く) に大きく分けられる。異翅亜目 (カメムシ亜目) はカメムシ，アメンボ，グンバイムシ，トコジラミなどを含み，前翅が革質部 (基部) と膜質部 (先端部) に分れ，平らに背面をおおう。体表に臭腺が開口し，特有の臭気をもつ液体を分泌する。悪臭が多いが，アメンボなど，その名のように飴のような臭気を放つものもあり，多様である。同翅亜目 (ヨコバイ亜目) はセミ，ウンカなどを含む頸吻群と，キジラミ，コナジラミ，アブラムシ，カイガラムシなどを含む腹吻群に分けられる。普通前後翅ともに膜状で同質であり，屋根形にたたまれる。頸吻群はセミ以外のものも発音器をもち，発音する。異翅亜目，同翅亜目ともに不完全変態で，全世界に6万種以上が知られており，植食性のものには農害虫が多い。なお，近年2つの亜目を目レベルで扱い，異翅目 (カメムシ目) ，同翅目 (ヨコバイ目) と区別されることが多い。 (→異翅類 ,　同翅類 ) 　

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