If a person who manages the affairs of another person acts in breach of his/her duties with the intent of benefiting himself/herself or a third party, or causing damage to the other person, thereby causing financial damage to the other person, he/she will be punished with imprisonment for up to five years or a fine of up to 500,000 yen (Penal Code, Article 247). Furthermore, attempts to do so are also punishable (Penal Code, Article 250). However, if this crime is committed between a spouse, a lineal blood relative, or a cohabiting relative, the punishment is waived, and prosecution cannot be brought against other relatives unless a complaint is filed (Penal Code, Articles 251 and 244). As a special provision for this crime, the Companies Act provides for the crime of special breach of trust (Articles 960, 961, and 962). This crime is a type of property crime, but whereas property crimes such as theft and fraud are crimes against individual property, this is a crime against the entire property (financial status). Therefore, this crime can only be committed by someone who has been given a certain degree of comprehensive authority to handle financial affairs by the principal (status crime). In this way, this crime, along with embezzlement (especially embezzlement of entrusted property), is called a "breach of trust" because its essence is that the perpetrator (offender) presupposes a trust relationship with the principal and violates this to cause financial damage. Breach of trust is "an act contrary to one's duties," and there used to be a conflict over its interpretation between the abuse of authority theory, which interprets it as an abuse of authority to handle business affairs, and the breach of trust theory, which interprets it broadly as a breach of a trust relationship or a breach of a duty of good faith (of these, the breach of trust theory is the prevailing theory and precedent case law). Reflecting the conflict between the two theories, in the former theory, breach of trust is limited to legal acts involving the abuse of authority in relation to a third party, but in the latter theory, this crime can be established if there is a broad breach of trust, regardless of whether it is a legal act or a factual act, including in relation to a third party and the principal. Thus, the "acts contrary to duty" in this crime are broad and unclear in content, and there is a danger that punishment will be spread inappropriately. Therefore, under the current law, the crime requires "the purpose of obtaining profit for oneself or a third party or causing damage to the person" (the purpose of intentional profit or harm), and can only be established "when financial damage is caused to the person." Therefore, if the act is committed in the name and on the account of the person, the purpose of intentional profit or harm cannot be recognized, and if there is no damage in terms of the person's overall assets, this crime will not be established. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
他人のためその事務を処理する者が、自己もしくは第三者の利益を図り、または本人に損害を加える目的で、その任務に背く行為をし、本人に財産上の損害を加えたときは、5年以下の懲役または50万円以下の罰金に処せられる(刑法247条)。さらに、その未遂も処罰される(同法250条)。ただし、本罪が、配偶者、直系血族または同居の親族との間で行われた場合は、その刑が免除されるほか、これ以外の親族についても、告訴がなければ公訴を提起することができない(同法251条、244条)。なお、本罪の特別規定として、会社法のなかに特別背任罪が規定されている(960条、961条、962条)。 本罪は財産犯の一種であるが、窃盗罪、詐欺罪などの財産犯が個別財産に対する罪であるのに対して、全体財産(財産状態)に対する罪である。そこで、本罪は、本人からある程度包括的な財産上の事務処理権限を与えられた者のみが犯しうる(身分犯)。このように、本罪は、行為者(犯人)が本人との信任関係を前提として、これに違背して財産上損害を与えることを本質とするから横領罪(とくに委託物横領罪)とともに、「背信罪」とよばれる。 背任とは「その任務に背く行為」であるが、その理解をめぐって、かつては、事務処理権限を濫用するものと解する権限濫用説と、広く信任関係に違背することまたは誠実義務に違反することと解する背信説との対立があった(このうち背信説が通説・判例)。両説の対立を反映して、横領罪と背任罪との区別に関して、前説では、背任罪は第三者との関係で権限濫用にわたる法律行為のみに限られるが、後説では、第三者および本人との関係を含め法律行為か事実行為かの区別なく、広く背信行為があれば本罪が成立しうる。 このように、本罪における「任務に背く行為」は内容的に広範かつ不明確であり、処罰が不当に広がる危険がある。そこで、現行法では、目的犯として「自己若(も)しくは第三者の利益を図り又は本人に損害を加える目的」(図利加害の目的)を要するものとされ、さらに「本人に財産上の損害を加えたとき」にのみ成立しうる。したがって、本人の名義・計算でなされた場合は図利加害の目的が認められないし、全体財産の観点から損害を与えなければ、本罪は成立しないことになる。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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