The caloric model was proposed in the late 18th century to explain the phenomenon of heat, and the caloric theory was based on it. Unlike the modern view that heat is a form of energy, it considered heat to be a type of matter. In the late 18th century, Black, who first distinguished heat from temperature through experiments on specific heat and latent heat, thought that "heat is a fine, weightless elastic fluid that surrounds material particles and repels them," and created the prototype of the caloric theory. Meanwhile, around the same time, Lavoisier named the particle caloric and even added it to the chemical element table, explaining the heat generation and absorption that accompanies chemical reactions. He also conducted calorimetry experiments with Laplace using a method different from that of Black. In the 19th century, calorimetry became increasingly accurate and diverse, but the principle of explanation based on the caloric theory continued to survive. Dalton, who conducted calorimetry himself, was also a strong supporter of the caloric theory. On the other hand, arguments against the caloric theory, which states that heat is the motion of material particles, were also made early on by Rumford and Davy, but they were unable to undermine its foundations. The law of conservation of energy was proposed by Joule and Mayer in the 1840s, and the theory of thermodynamics was established by Clausius, Kelvin, and Rankine in the 1850s, which led to the foundational collapse of the caloric theory. [Susumu Takayama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
熱現象を説明するために18世紀後半に提唱されたモデルが熱素(カロリック)で、それに基づく理論が熱素説である。熱はエネルギーの一形態とする現代の見方とは異なり、熱は物質の一種であるとみなした。18世紀後半、比熱や潜熱の実験によって初めて熱と温度を区別したブラックは「熱は微細で重さのない弾性流体で、物質粒子を取り囲み、互いに反発する」と考え、熱素の原型をつくった。一方、同じころその粒子をカロリックと命名し、化学の元素表にまで加えたのはラボアジエで、化学反応に伴う発熱や吸熱を説明した。彼はまたラプラスとともに、ブラックとは異なった方法で熱量測定の実験を行った。19世紀に入り、熱量測定はしだいに正確に多様に行われたが、熱素に基づく説明の原理は延命した。自ら熱量測定を行ったドルトンも強固な熱素説支持者であった。一方、熱は物質粒子の運動であるとする熱素説に対立する議論も、ランフォードやデービーによって早くから行われていたが、土台を崩すことはできなかった。1840年代にジュール、マイヤーらによりエネルギー保存則が提唱され、1850年代にクラウジウス、ケルビン、ランキンによる熱力学の建設によって、熱素説による理論体系は基礎から崩壊した。 [高山 進] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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