The Basic Treaty on Antarctica was signed in Washington in 1959. Antarctica, the seventh continent in the world, had long been inaccessible to humans due to its harsh geographical and meteorological conditions. However, in the 20th century, it attracted the attention of many nations, and seven countries, including the United Kingdom, each established a sector in Antarctica and claimed territorial rights, making its ownership a major international issue. At the suggestion of the United States, this treaty was signed at a conference held in Washington in 1959, placing the area south of 60 degrees south latitude under a single international system. This treaty came into force in June 1961, and the number of contracting parties had initially been 12, including Japan, but as of September 2009, the number had grown to 47. The main points of the treaty are: (1) territorial rights and claims on territory claimed by each country are frozen during the validity of the treaty; (2) only peaceful uses are permitted, and military use, nuclear explosions, and radioactive waste disposal are prohibited; and (3) international cooperation based on the freedom of scientific research is promoted. (4) Mutual inspections are permitted to ensure compliance with the treaty provisions. The above contains many unprecedented provisions, which have provided hints for subsequent deliberations on the status of outer space, etc. However, this does not ultimately resolve the issue of Antarctica's sovereignty, and it lacks provisions regarding resources. The original contracting parties and other contracting parties with a track record of Antarctic research have held Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (there are 28 consultative parties) every two years to deliberate measures to further the objectives and principles of the treaty, and in 1964 they adopted the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna, in 1972 the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, and in 1980 the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Since the 1970s, interest in the development of Antarctic mineral resources has grown, and the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Activities was adopted in 1988, but it did not come into force due to insufficient consideration of the environment, etc. Instead, in order to protect the environment in the region, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was adopted in 1991, which bans mineral resource activities other than scientific research for 50 years. For Japan, it came into force in January 1998. As of December 2008, 33 countries are parties to the Protocol. [Taijudo Kanae and Hirobe Kazuya] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1959年ワシントンにおいて調印された南極に関する基本条約。世界で7番目の大陸が存在する南極は、その厳しい地理的・気象的条件のため長く人間の接近を許さなかったが、20世紀に入って列国の関心が向けられ、イギリスなど7か国がそれぞれ南極の一部にセクターを設定して領土権を主張したため、その帰属が大きな国際問題となった。そこでアメリカの提唱により1959年にワシントンで開かれた会議において、この条約が調印され、南緯60度以南の地域が一つの国際制度の下に置かれることになった。この条約は1961年6月に発効、締約国は当初日本を含む12か国であったが、2009年9月時点では47か国に達している。おもな内容は、(1)各国が主張する領土権・領土についての請求権を、条約の有効期間中、凍結する。(2)平和的利用だけを認め、軍事利用・核爆発・放射性廃棄物処分を禁止する。(3)科学的調査の自由を基礎とする国際協力を促進する。(4)条約規定の遵守(じゅんしゅ)を確保するため、相互査察を認める。以上であるが、史上前例のない規定を多く含んでおり、その後、宇宙空間の地位などの審議に際して示唆を与えた。もっとも、これは南極の帰属問題を終局的に解決するものではなく、また資源に関する規定を欠いている。原締約国その他南極調査に実績のある締約国は、協議国として2年に一度南極条約協議国会議(協議国は28か国)を開き、条約の目的および原則を促進する措置の審議を行ってきたが、1964年には南極動植物相保存のための合意措置、1972年に南極あざらし保存条約、1980年には南極海洋生物資源保存条約が採択された。1970年代以降、南極鉱物資源開発への関心が高まり、1988年に南極鉱物資源活動規制条約が採択されたが、環境への配慮が不十分などの理由から発効せず、これにかわって同地域の環境保護のため、1991年に、科学的調査以外の鉱物資源活動を50年間禁止した環境保護に関する南極条約議定書が採択された。日本については1998年1月に発効。2008年12月時点で33か国が当事国である。 [太寿堂鼎・広部和也] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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