A large annual grass of the grass family. It is said to have originated in the tropics of the Americas, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now widely cultivated throughout the world from the tropics to the temperate zones, and is one of the important grains and feed crops. It has a single, upright stem, solid, cylindrical, and jointed, and reaches a height of 2 to 3 meters. It produces many thick fibrous roots and large, alternate lanceolate leaves. The surface of the leaves is hairy, and the lower part of the leaf blade forms a sheath that encases the stem. In summer, it produces large panicles and produces many flowers. It is dioecious, with no perianth. The female inflorescences are borne in the leaf axils at the top of the stem, and the style is long and beard-like, hanging down from the tip of the inflorescence. The male inflorescences are borne at the top of the stem. The fruits are caryopsis, and vary in size, shape, and color, and many excellent varieties have been developed. Five species are representative in the Northern Hemisphere: dent, flint, flor, sweet, and pop. In Japan, many varieties were imported from America after the mid-Meiji period, and are cultivated extensively in highland areas such as Hokkaido and Nagano Prefecture, and around Mount Aso. Depending on the region, it is called toukibi, nanban, kouraibi, etc. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イネ科の大型の一年草。アメリカ大陸の熱帯の原産といわれるが,正確にはわかっていない。現在では全世界の熱帯から温帯にかけて広く栽培されている重要な穀物および飼料の一つである。茎は単一で直立し,中実,円柱形で節があり,高さ2~3mに達する。多数の太いひげ根を生じ,大型の披針形の葉が互生する。葉の表面に毛があり,葉身下部は鞘となり茎を包む。夏に大型の円錐花序をなして多数の花をつける。雌雄異花でいずれも無花被。雌花穂は茎の上部の葉腋に生じ,花柱はひげ状で長く花穂の先から垂れ下がる。雄花穂は茎の頂部に生じる。果実は穎果で大きさ,形,色など変化が多く,多数の優良品種がつくられている。デント,フリント,フローア,スウィート,ポップの5種が北半球での代表的な品種である。日本には明治の中期以後アメリカから輸入された品種が多く,北海道や長野県などの高冷地と阿蘇山周辺などで盛んに栽培されている。地方によりトウキビ,ナンバン,コウライキビなどの呼び名がある。
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