When the vapor pressure in equilibrium with a saturated solution is smaller than the saturated vapor pressure of the atmosphere at the same temperature, the water vapor is absorbed by the solid material and eventually becomes an unsaturated solution. This phenomenon is called deliquescence. Magnesium chloride (the main component of bittern) is a good example of a deliquescent compound. Deliquescent compounds dissolve well in water without exception, and many are used as desiccants (calcium chloride, magnesium perchlorate, etc.) taking advantage of their hygroscopicity. At low temperatures, the saturated water vapor pressure in the atmosphere is also significantly small, so crystals that should be highly deliquescent can exist as stable solids. "Antarcticite," discovered by Torii Tetsuya and Osaka Joyo in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, is calcium chloride hexahydrate. This shows how dry the conditions are. [Yamazaki Akira] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
飽和溶液と平衡にある蒸気圧が、同温の大気の飽和水蒸気圧よりも小さい場合には、水蒸気は固体物質に吸収されてやがて不飽和溶液となる。この現象を潮解という。塩化マグネシウム(にがりの主成分)などは潮解性化合物の好例である。 潮解性の化合物は例外なく水によく溶けるものであり、吸湿性を利用して乾燥剤に用いられるものも少なくない(塩化カルシウム、過塩素酸マグネシウムなど)。低温においては大気中の飽和水蒸気圧も著しく小となるので、潮解性の著しいはずの結晶が安定に固体として存在することもある。南極のドライバレーにおいて、鳥居鉄也(とりいてつや)、小坂丈予(おさかじょうよ)によって発見された「南極石」は、塩化カルシウム六水和物である。いかに乾燥した条件下にあるかが推測できる。 [山崎 昶] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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