Chinese Movies - Chinese Movies

Japanese: 中国映画 - ちゅうごくえいが
Chinese Movies - Chinese Movies

The first film screening in China was in August 1896, and it was mainly a French film. The promoters were Westerners from the Shanghai Concession. In 1905, the first film was produced by Chinese people. It was the Peking opera "Dingjunshan" shot in Beijing. The first feature film with a screenplay was "Difficult Husband, Difficult Wife" made in Shanghai in 1913. It is a tragicomedy about a man and woman who are forced into a marriage for their parents' convenience, and it is interesting that this first work has an anti-feudal theme, as this would later become one of the most important themes that run through the history of Chinese cinema. Shanghai became the center of film production, and at the time American films were often screened there, and Chinese filmmakers came to be strongly influenced by them. In the 1920s, major companies such as Myojo and Tianyi were established, and production became more active. At the time, the films that were popular with the masses were romance stories featuring talented and beautiful women, known as the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly school, and sword fighting films, known as martial arts films.

[Tadao Sato]

The 1930s Progressives

In 1931, Japan caused the Manchurian Incident in northeastern China, snatching the three northeastern provinces from China and turning them into a colony called "Manchukuo." The following year, Japan fought the Chinese army in the Shanghai Incident. This act of aggression awakened China's film industry. Leftist intellectuals such as screenwriter Xia Yan began to actively work for film companies such as Ming Xing and Lianhua, and films with themes such as anti-Japanese, national salvation, anti-feudalism, and anti-compromise capital began to be made. Socially conscious realist works appeared one after another, such as Spring Silkworms (1933) by Cheng Bu-gao (1896-1966), which depicts the process of rural areas being stirred up by capitalist market principles, Powder Market (1933) by Chang Shih-chuan (1889-1953), which calls for the independence of working women, and The Highway (1934) by Sun Yu (1900-1990), in which young people participate in the construction of a road to fight against Japan. However, these were by no means easy to produce. The Kuomintang government, which was determined to avoid armed conflict with Japan and believed that confrontation with the Chinese Communist Party was more important than resistance against Japan, mercilessly censored and suppressed obvious anti-Japanese expressions and leftist themes. Major works from this artistic golden age of Chinese cinema include Cai Chusheng's (1906-1968) Fisherman's Song (1934) and Wandering Lamb (1936), Shi Dongshan's Progress of Youth (1937), Ma Xu Weibang's Singing at Midnight (1937), and Shen Xiling's (1904-1940) Cross Street (1937).

[Tadao Sato]

Films from the Japanese Occupation

From 1937 to 1945, Japan waged an all-out war of aggression against China. Shanghai, the center of Chinese cinema, came under Japanese occupation, and some filmmakers went to Hankou, Chongqing, and even Yan'an to make anti-Japanese films. However, many remained in Shanghai. As film studios were located in Western concessions, they were not directly under the control of the Japanese military until the start of the Pacific War at the end of 1941, and as a result, allegorical anti-Japanese films were also made. Director Bo Wancang's "Mulan in the Army" (1939) is a girls' opera-style work in which a Chinese woman from the Tang dynasty fights against invaders from the north, and was a huge hit as an allegory of the anti-Japanese movement. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Shanghai studios came under the control of China Film, headed by the Japanese Kawakita Nagamasa (1903-1981). Although most of the works he produced were neither good nor bad, Kawakita had no say in the content of Chinese films, and as a result, he also produced masterpieces such as Ma Xu Weibang's Begonia (1943), which can be seen as a poignant allegory for national humiliation.

Between 1937 and 1945, in Manchuria (now the three northeastern provinces), which was a Japanese colony, Japan established a state-sponsored company called the Manchuria Film Association in Changchun to produce films in Chinese, but these films were not well received by Chinese audiences.

[Tadao Sato]

The second golden age

The years between the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the founding of the People's Republic of China constituted the second golden age of Chinese cinema. There were works such as Spring River Flows East (1947) by Cai Chusheng and Zheng Junli (1911-1969) and The Crow and Mahjong (1949), which were scathing critiques of the corruption of the Kuomintang government that had returned from Chongqing, as well as Sang Kuo's (1916-2004) sophisticated bourgeois comedy Long Live the Tai (1947) and Fei Mu's (1906-1951) subtle romantic psychological drama Spring in a Small Town (1948), reminiscent of French poetic realism of the 1930s.

[Tadao Sato]

After the founding of the People's Republic of China

In 1949, the revolution was successful and the People's Republic of China was established. Films were soon nationalized and became a powerful propaganda tool for socialist construction. The film studios that Japan had built in Changchun and Beijing were also revived as Chinese film studios. White-Haired Girl (1950), co-directed by Wang Bin (1912-1960) and Shuihua (1916-1995), and other simple, revolutionary propaganda films were seen as important works that inspire morale for socialist construction, and were introduced internationally as political campaigns. However, this only resulted in foreigners misunderstanding that Chinese films once had a high artistic standard. Artistically, this period can be called the third golden age, with masterpieces of socialist realism such as Shuihua's The Lin Shop (1959), Xie Tieli's (1925-) Early Spring in February (1963), and Xie Jin's Stage Sisters (1965). However, during the Cultural Revolution that lasted for about 10 years from around 1966, everything from the progressives of the 1930s to the socialist masterpieces of this third golden age was criticized and attacked as bourgeois, film production was almost halted, and many filmmakers were sent to the countryside to raise pigs, and some even committed suicide.

After the Cultural Revolution ended, film production recovered and, from the 1980s onwards, there was a remarkable improvement in quality. In particular, works that critically looked back on the Cultural Revolution, such as Tales from Tianyun Mountain (1980) directed by Xie Jin, Man Reaches Middle Age (1982) co-directed by Sun Yu and Wang Qiming, and A Bridge Over Shanghai (1983) directed by Bai Shen, attracted attention.

The mid-1980s was a major turning point for Chinese films. First, in 1984, director Chen Kaige's Yellow Earth attracted attention at the Hong Kong Film Festival and became known around the world. This was followed in 1985 by Huang Jianxin's (1954- ) Black Gun Incident, Yan Xueshu's Mountains and Fields, Chen Kaige's The Great Parade, and Tian Zhuangzhuang's The Horse Thieves, and in 1987 Zhang Yimou's Red Sorghum was released and became known around the world.

Many of them were young during the Cultural Revolution, studied film after the end of the revolution, and finally made their debut at this time. Whereas previous generations were only able to portray hard times sentimentally and could not easily go beyond faithfully depicting the policy themes they were given, these filmmakers depicted the realities they experienced while being sent to work in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution with fearless boldness and satirized them with unprecedented scathingness. They also learned from the techniques of foreign films they could see at film universities and other places, and developed unrestrained imaginations that broke away from flat realism.

In China, they are known as the Fifth Generation of directors, following the First Generation at the beginning, the Second Generation that created the golden age of the 1930s, the Third Generation during the revolution and founding of the country, and the Fourth Generation that appeared in socialist China before the Cultural Revolution. Inspired by the remarkable achievements of the Fifth Generation, the Fourth Generation was also inspired, with Wu Tianming (1939-2014) making The Old Well and Xie Jin making Furong Town, both in 1987.

After the Cultural Revolution ended, the Chinese government gradually implemented a policy of liberalization, which the younger generation of filmmakers enthusiastically embraced, resulting in the artistic changes mentioned above. However, the Second Tiananmen Square incident in Beijing in 1989 marked another major turning point. Fearing that the movement for further liberalization would lead to the denial of socialism, the Chinese government began to tighten ideology. Films that pursued bold expression were often banned.

Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine (1993) is a melodramatic masterpiece that depicts the ideological upheaval of China from before and during World War II to the present day through the chronicle of the love and separation of gay Peking opera actors. Tian Zhuangzhuang's The Blue Kite (1993) depicts the ideological oppression of the Cultural Revolution through the fate of an ordinary family in Beijing more boldly than ever before. During this period, excellent Chinese films began to be accepted in the global market, and foreign capital, including from Hong Kong and Taiwan, began to flow in. Films made by foreign capital could be freely screened abroad even if they could not be screened domestically due to censorship, and a movement to make films without fear of being banned in China began to emerge. Thus, all of these films received high international acclaim without being screened domestically. During this period, the spread of television also began to place a great strain on the film industry. However, the momentum of Chinese films, which had once flourished, continued.

Zhang Yimou's 1992 novel The Story of Autumn Chrysanthemum, Sun Zhou's (1954- ) Scent of the Heart, Ning Ying's (1959- ) A Good Day in Beijing, He Ping's (1957- ) Sorrowful Fireworks, and Li Shaohong's (1955- ) Red Powder, all of which are masterpieces that paint moving portrayals of the lives of Chinese people.

Zhang Yimou's 1999 film Searching for the Child and 2000's The Road to First Love are excellent works that depict simple people in remote areas. Jiang Wen's 1999 film The Demon Child Comes is a tragic tale of a relationship between Japanese soldiers and Chinese peasants in a rural area during the Japanese occupation. Huo Jianqi's (1958- ) 1999 film The Mountain Postman depicts the hardships of a postman who delivers mail on foot to mountain villages, and China today is shining with a particular somber brilliance in works that tell the everyday joys and sorrows of humble people.

What stands out in the 2000s is the increase in blockbusters that put national prestige on the line, and on the other hand, the number of independent films made with foreign capital without even applying to the government. A representative example of the former is Zhang Yimou's 2002 period drama entertainment film "HERO," and a representative example of the latter is Wang Bing's (1967-) 2010 film "Silent Song." This film recreates the tragic reality of the Anti-Rightist Movement, which is taboo in China, and although it is a completely Chinese film in terms of content, it has not been screened in China because the capital is from Hong Kong or a foreign country. This trend has been noticeable since the 1990s, and the leader of the group, Jia Zhangke (1970-), has won many awards at overseas film festivals, and since the 2004 film "The World," the government has been more proactive in welcoming him. His representative work is "Elegy to the Yangtze River" (2006), which depicts a town submerged by the Shan Gorges Dam.

Some directors have often had trouble with government censors and been ordered to stop making films for a time, but they have continued to work doggedly. Tian Zhuangzhuang's Spring Fever (2002) and Jiang Wen's Farewell to Vengeance (2010) are prime examples, and demonstrate the high standards of contemporary Chinese cinema.

Please note that there are separate sections for Hong Kong and Taiwanese films, so please refer to those.

[Tadao Sato]

"Shanghai Cinema Port" by Sato Tadao and Karima Fumitoshi (1985, Kaifusha) " ▽ "Cinema and the Sound of Guns" by Sato Tadao (1985, Libroport)""History of Chinese Film, edited by Cheng Lihua and translated and edited by Morikawa Kazuyo (1987, Heibonsha)""Chinese Films are Burning: From 'Yellow Earth' to 'Blue Kite'" by Takeuchi Minoru and Sato Tadao (1994, Asahi Sonorama)""Japan in Asian Films 1: China, Hong Kong, Taiwan" by Kadouma Takashi (1995, Shakai Hyoronsha)""A Small Dictionary of Asian Films" edited by Sato Tadao (1995, San-ichi Shobo)"A Book for Reading Chinese Films" by Fujii Shozo (1996, Asahi Shimbun)""China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong on the Screen" by Tobari Higashio (1996, Maruzen) " ▽ "Cultural Anthropology of Chinese Film" by Nishizawa Haruhiko (1999, Fukyosha)""Chinese Films - Depicting a Hundred Years, Reading a Hundred Years" by Fujii Shozo (2002, Iwanami Shoten)""100 Years of Chinese Film" by Sato Tadao (2006, Nigensha)" ▽ "Gender Politics in Chinese Films - Cultural Politics in the Post-Cold War Era" by Dai Jinhua, supervised translation by Miyao Masaki, edited by Tate Kaoru (2006, Ochanomizu Shobo)" ▽ "Sino- Japanese Film Theory" by Shimoda Inuhiko and Ni Zhen, translated by Abe Noriyuki, Han Yanli, and Tarumi Chie (2008, Sakuhinsha)""A History of Japanese-Chinese Film Negotiations during the War" by Yan Ni (2010, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Forest of Asian Films - A Film Map of the New Century" (2012, Sakuhinsha), supervised by Kenji Ishizaka, Shozo Ichiyama, Kan Nozaki, Tamaki Matsuoka, and Takashi Monma, and edited by Miyuki Natsume and Toru Sano.

[References] | Film | Xia Yan | Xie Qing | Taiwanese film | Chiang Wen | Chen Kaige | Tian Chuanchuan | Hong Kong film | Manchuria Film Association

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国で最初の映画上映が行われたのは1896年8月であり、おもにフランスのフィルムだったようである。興行師は上海(シャンハイ)の租界の西洋人たちだった。1905年、中国人による最初の映画製作が行われた。北京(ペキン)で京劇『定軍山』を撮ったのである。映画のためのシナリオによる最初の劇映画は1913年に上海でつくられた『難夫難妻』であった。親の都合で無理やり結婚させられた男女の悲喜劇であり、最初のこの作品が反封建をテーマにしていることは興味深い。以後これは中国映画史を貫くもっとも主要なテーマの一つとなるからである。上海が映画製作の中心地となるが、当時ここではアメリカ映画が盛んに上映されており、中国の映画人はその影響を強く受けるようになる。1920年代になると、明星、天一その他大手の会社もでき、製作も活発になる。当時、大衆的に人気があったのは、鴛鴦蝴蝶(えんおうこちょう)派とよばれる才子佳人の恋愛ものや、武侠(ぶきょう)映画とよばれるチャンバラものなどであった。

[佐藤忠男]

30年代進歩派

1931年、日本は中国の東北地区でいわゆる満州事変を起こし、東北三省を中国からもぎ取って「満州国」という植民地にする。さらに翌年には上海事変で中国軍と戦う。この侵略行動は中国の映画界を目覚めさせずにはおかなかった。脚本家の夏衍(かえん/シヤイエン)をはじめとする左翼知識人たちが積極的に明星、聯華(れんか)などの映画会社で仕事をするようになり、抗日救国、反封建、反買弁資本などのテーマを掲げた映画がつくられるようになる。農村が資本主義的な市場原理でかき回される過程を描いた程歩高(ていほこう/チョンプーカオ)(1896―1966)監督の『春蚕』(1933)、働く女性の自立を訴える張石川(ちょうせきせん/チャンシーチュアン)(1889―1953)監督の『脂粉市場』(1933)、青年たちが抗日のための道路建設に参加する孫瑜(そんゆ/スンユィ)(1900―1990)監督の『大路』(1934)など、社会派的なリアリズム作品が続々と現れる。ただしこれらは楽々とつくられたものではけっしてない。ひたすら日本との武力衝突を避けようとし、また抗日よりも中国共産党との対決のほうが先だと考えた国民党政府は、明白な抗日的表現や左翼的なテーマには容赦なく検閲のカットと弾圧を浴びせたからである。蔡楚生(さいそせい/ツァイチューション)(1906―1968)監督の『漁光曲』(1934)、『迷途的羔羊(こうよう)(さまよえる子羊)』(1936)、史東山(しとうざん)監督の『青年進行曲』(1937)、馬徐維邦(ばじょいほう/マーシュイウェイパン)監督の『夜半歌声』(1937)、沈西苓(ちんせいれい/シェンシーリン)(1904―1940)監督の『十字街頭』(1937)などが、この中国映画の芸術的黄金時代の主要な作品である。

[佐藤忠男]

日本占領下の映画

1937年から1945年まで、日本は中国に全面的な侵略戦争を行う。中国映画の中心地だった上海は日本軍の占領下に置かれ、映画人の一部は漢口(かんこう/ハンコウ)、重慶(じゅうけい/チョンチン)、さらには延安(えんあん/イエンアン)に赴いて抗日映画をつくる。しかし多くは上海に残る。撮影所は欧米の租界にあったため、1941年末の太平洋戦争開始までは直接的には日本軍の支配下にはなく、そのため寓意(ぐうい)的な抗日映画もつくられた。卜万蒼(ぼくばんそう)監督の『木蘭(もくらん)従軍』(1939)は、唐時代の中国女性が北方からの侵略者と戦う少女歌劇風の作品であり、抗日の寓意で大ヒットした。太平洋戦争開戦後、上海の撮影所は日本人の川喜多長政(かわきたながまさ)(1903―1981)が指揮する中華電影の支配下に置かれ、大部分は毒にも薬にもならぬ作品になるが、彼は中国映画の内容には口を出さなかったため、馬徐維邦監督の『秋海棠(しゅうかいどう)』(1943)のような、民族的な屈辱感の痛烈な寓意的表現と思われる傑作も生まれた。

 なお1937年から1945年まで、日本の植民地となっていた満州(現、東北三省)では、日本が長春(ちょうしゅん/チャンチュン)に満州映画協会という国策会社をつくって中国語による映画製作を行っていたが、中国人の観客にはこれらの映画は歓迎されなかった。

[佐藤忠男]

第二の黄金時代

抗日戦争の勝利から中華人民共和国の成立に至る数年間は中国映画の第二の黄金時代である。重慶から帰ってきた国民党政府の腐敗を痛烈に批判した諸作品、蔡楚生・鄭君里(ていくんり/チョンチュンリー)(1911―1969)監督の『一江春水向東流(春の河、東へ流る)』(1947)や、鄭君里監督の『烏鴉与麻雀(カラスとスズメ)』(1949)がある一方、みごとにブルジョア的なソフィスティケーテッド・コメディーである桑弧(そうこ)(1916―2004)監督の『太々万歳』(1947)があり、1930年代フランスの詩的リアリズム映画を思わせる微妙な恋愛心理劇、費穆(ひぼく/フェイムー)(1906―1951)監督の『小城之春』(1948)がある。

[佐藤忠男]

中華人民共和国成立後

1949年、革命が成功して中華人民共和国が成立する。映画はまもなくすべて国有化され、社会主義建設のための強力な宣伝手段となる。かつて日本が長春と北京につくった撮影所も中国の撮影所としてよみがえる。王浜(おうひん/ワンピン)(1912―1960)・水華(すいか/シュイホワ)(1916―1995)共同監督の『白毛女』(1950)その他一連の単純素朴な革命宣伝映画が、社会主義建設のための志気を鼓舞する重要な作品であるとされて、国際的にも政治運動的に紹介されたが、これらはむしろ、中国映画がかつて高い芸術的水準をもっていたことを外国人には誤解させる結果となった。芸術的には水華監督の『林家舗子(林商店)』(1959)、謝鉄驪(しゃてつり)(1925― )監督の『早春二月』(1963)、謝晋(シェチン)監督の『舞台姉妹』(1965)などが社会主義リアリズムの秀作で、この時期を第三の黄金時代とよぶことができる。しかし1966年ごろから約10年続いた文化大革命のなかで、1930年代進歩派からこの第三の黄金時代の社会主義的な佳作に至るまで、ことごとくブルジョア的として非難攻撃にさらされ、映画製作はほとんど中止になり、映画人の多くは下放されて農村で豚の飼育などをしたり、自殺者も出た。

 文革終了後、映画製作は復興し、1980年代に入るころから質的にも向上が著しく、とくに文化大革命を批判的に回顧した作品、たとえば謝晋監督の『天雲山物語』(1980)、孫羽・王啓明共同監督の『人、中年に到(いた)る』(1982)、白沈監督の『上海にかかる橋』(1983)などが注目された。

 1980年代のなかばは中国映画にとって大きな転換期となった。まず1984年につくられた陳凱歌(チェンカイコー)監督の『黄色い大地』が香港映画祭で注目されたことをきっかけとして世界に知られた。続いて1985年には黄建新(ホアンチェンシン)(1954― )の『黒砲事件』、顔学恕(ヤンシュエシュー)の『野山』、陳凱歌の『大閲兵』、田壮壮(ティエンチュアンチュアン)の『盗馬賊』が現れ、1987年には張藝謀(チャンイーモウ)の『紅(あか)いコーリャン』が現れて世界に知られるようになった。

 彼らの多くは文化大革命中に少年で、文化大革命が終わってから映画を学んで、ようやくこの時期にデビューしたのである。それ以前の世代が、とかく感傷的にしか苦難の時代を描けず、また与えられた政策的主題を忠実に写実的に描くという範囲を容易に出られなかったのに対して、彼らは文化大革命時代に地方での労働に派遣されて体験した現実を怖いもの知らずの大胆さで描いたし、かつてない辛辣(しんらつ)さでそれを風刺した。また映画大学などで見ることのできた外国映画のテクニックに学んで、平板な写実から脱却する奔放なイマジネーションを展開した。

 中国では彼らは、草創期の第一世代、1930年代の黄金期をつくりあげた第二世代、革命と建国の時期の第三世代、社会主義中国で文化大革命の前の時期に登場した第四世代などに続く第五世代の監督たちとよばれた。この第五世代の目覚ましい活躍に刺激されて第四世代も奮い立ち、呉天明(ウーティエンミン)(1939―2014)は『古井戸』を、謝晋は『芙蓉鎮(ふようちん)』をいずれも1987年につくった。

 文化大革命の終結後、中国政府は徐々に自由化政策を進め、それに若い世代の映画人たちが元気よく乗ったことから、以上のような芸術面の変革も生じたのであるが、1989年の北京の第二次天安門事件がまた大きな転機となる。さらなる自由化を求める動きが社会主義の否定に至ることを恐れた中国政府は、思想の引き締めを始めたのである。大胆な表現を追求した作品はしばしば上映禁止となった。

 陳凱歌の『さらば、わが愛/覇王別姫(はおうべっき)』(1993)は、同性愛の京劇俳優たちの愛と別れの年代記を通じて、第二次世界大戦前および戦中から現代に至る思想的激動の中国の歩みを描いたメロドラマ的な大作である。田壮壮の『青い凧(たこ)』(1993)は、文化大革命の時期の思想的圧迫を北京の市井の一家の運命を通じてかつてなく大胆に描いている。この時期になると中国映画の優秀な作品は世界市場に通用するようになり、香港や台湾を含む外国資本も入ってくるようになった。外国資本による作品は国内では検閲で上映できなくても外国では自由に上映できるようになり、国内で上映禁止になることを恐れずに映画をつくるという動きも出てきた。そこでいずれも国内では上映されないまま国際的には高い評価を得た。またこの時期になるとテレビの普及が映画産業を大きく圧迫するようにもなってきた。しかしそれでも、いったん花開いた中国映画の勢いは続いた。

 1992年の張藝謀の『秋菊の物語』、孫周(スンチョウ)(1954― )の『心の香り』、寧瀛(ニンイン)(1959― )の『北京好日(ぺきんこうじつ)』、1993年の何平(フーピン)(1957― )の『哀戀(あいれん)花火』、李少紅(リーシャオホン)(1955― )の『べにおしろい』などはいずれも中国の民衆の生活を情味豊かに描いた秀作である。

 張藝謀の1999年の『あの子を探して』と2000年の『初恋のきた道』は僻地(へきち)の素朴な人々を描いた佳作である。1999年の姜文(チアンウェン)の『鬼子来了』は日本の占領下の時代の農村における日本兵と中国農民との悲劇である。1999年の霍建起(フォジェンチイ)(1958― )の『山の郵便配達』は山間部の村々に徒歩で郵便を届ける配達員の苦労を描いた作品であり、いま中国は地道な生活者の日々の哀歓を語る作品にとくに渋い輝きを発している。

 2000年代に入って目だつことは、国家的威信をかけたような超大作と、他方、政府に申請もせずに外国資本などでつくられるインディペンデント作品が増えたことである。前者の代表は2002年の張藝謀の時代劇娯楽作品『HERO』であり、後者の代表は2010年の王兵(ワンビン)(1967― )の『無言歌』である。これは中国ではタブーとされている反右派闘争の悲惨な実体を再現したもので、内容的にはまったく中国映画だが、資本は香港や外国であるため、中国では上映されていない。こういう傾向は1990年代から目だち、なかでもリーダー格の賈樟柯(ジャジャンクー)(1970― )は外国の映画祭での受賞も多く、2004年の『世界』からは、むしろ政府側が彼を積極的に迎えるようになった。山峡ダムで水没する町を描いた『長江哀歌(ちょうこうエレジー)』(2006)が代表作である。

 政府の検閲としばしばトラブルを起こし、しばらく製作中止を命ぜられながらもしぶとく仕事を続けている監督もいる。田壮壮の『春の惑い』(2002)や姜文の『さらば復讐(ふくしゅう)の狼たちよ』(2010)がその代表的な例であり、現代中国映画の高い水準を示すものである。

 なお、香港映画、台湾映画については独立した項目があるので参照されたい。

[佐藤忠男]

『佐藤忠男・刈間文俊著『上海キネマポート』(1985・凱風社)』『佐藤忠男著『キネマと砲聲』(1985・リブロポート)』『程李華主編・森川和代編訳『中国映画史』(1987・平凡社)』『竹内実・佐藤忠男著『中国映画が燃えている――「黄色い大地」から「青い凧」まで』(1994・朝日ソノラマ)』『門間貴志著『アジア映画にみる日本1 中国・香港・台湾編』(1995・社会評論社)』『佐藤忠男編著『アジア映画小事典』(1995・三一書房)』『藤井省三著『中国映画を読む本』(1996・朝日新聞社)』『戸張東夫著『スクリーンの中の中国・台湾・香港』(1996・丸善)』『西沢治彦著『中国映画の文化人類学』(1999・風響社)』『藤井省三著『中国映画――百年を描く、百年を読む』(2002・岩波書店)』『佐藤忠男著『中国映画の100年』(2006・二玄社)』『戴錦華著・宮尾正樹監訳、舘かおる編『中国映画のジェンダー・ポリティクス――ポスト冷戦時代の文化政治』(2006・御茶の水書房)』『四方田犬彦・倪震著、阿部範之・韓燕麗・垂水千恵訳『日中映画論』(2008・作品社)』『晏妮著『戦時日中映画交渉史』(2010・岩波書店)』『石坂健治・市山尚三・野崎歓・松岡環・門間貴志監修、夏目深雪・佐野亨編『アジア映画の森――新世紀の映画地図』(2012・作品社)』

[参照項目] | 映画 | 夏衍 | シェ・チン | 台湾映画 | チアン・ウェン | チェン・カイコー | ティエン・チュアンチュアン | 香港映画 | 満州映画協会

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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