Dystocia

Japanese: 異常分娩 - いじょうぶんべん(英語表記)Dystocia
Dystocia

Breech birth

So-called Breech ( Sakana ) The largest part of the fetus's body is the head, but in a breech position, the head comes out last, so there is a gap between the birth canal and the head. umbilical cord ( Age ) but Sandwich ( Scissors ) The blood flow in the umbilical cord is blocked. Blocking ( Shadow ) This time must be shortened as much as possible, because it immediately threatens the life of the fetus. Breech presentation extraction ( Comprehensive medical examination ) will be performed.

Breech birth ( Kotsuban Ibunben ) So, the first one is the lower limbs. buttocks ( Denbu ) Because it is smaller than the fetus's head, this part can be delivered even if the cervix is ​​not fully dilated, and it is possible for the fetus's head to become stuck in the cervix.

Therefore, in order to prevent the fetus from descending until the cervix is ​​fully dilated, the mother must not push as much as possible. Also, if the water breaks before the buttocks close the birth canal, the umbilical cord may escape from the side of the body into the vagina, and the fetus may be compressed in a narrow area, putting its life at risk.

When the cervix is ​​fully dilated, the fetus's buttocks gradually descend into the birth canal due to labor pains. At this time, the umbilical cord is slightly compressed, and the fetus's heart rate begins to fluctuate. When the fetus's buttocks descend to the vulva, Episiotomy ( Ein meddling ) This is done to keep the exit of the birth canal wide enough, and the mother is encouraged to push in accordance with the contractions of labor, while at the same time performing breech extraction.

There are several ways to do this, but in all cases, do not allow the fetus to lift its upper limbs. If it does, move it in front of the fetus's face and out of the vagina. sacrum ( Senkotsu ) of Curved ( One position ) Smoothly according to Delivery ( Study ) This will minimize the amount of time that the umbilical cord needs to be compressed, and the breech-presented baby will be born healthy.

However, this technique requires skill and Planned Caesarean Section ( Please be careful ) A paper was published overseas showing that the prognosis for newborns is statistically worse than that for women with breech presentation, and most obstetricians now perform scheduled cesarean sections, especially in the case of first births. Vaginal ( Construction ) This prevents cows from giving birth.

Forceps delivery, vacuum delivery

Cephalic delivery with fully dilated cervix Water breaks ( Fast ) This is performed when the fetus is in a coma and the fetal head has descended to a certain extent, and it is necessary to deliver the fetus urgently.

Specifically, this is a method of guiding the fetal head and delivering it quickly when the fetus's condition deteriorates (fetal distress) and its life is at risk, when labor stops even though contractions are strong enough, or when the second stage of labor must be shortened because the mother is unable to push due to complications such as heart disease.

Forceps delivery ( Academic ) is a method of guiding the fetus by placing metal forceps on the fetus's head. Vacuum delivery ( Q15 division ) The method involves attaching a suction cup to the fetal head to create negative pressure. Towing ( Research ) Both methods must be performed by an experienced obstetrician, but forceps delivery causes less damage to the fetus than vacuum delivery, although clinical trials have shown that forceps delivery causes more damage to the mother.

Cesarean section

This is a surgery to remove the fetus from the mother's abdomen and uterus when vaginal delivery is not possible. There are many different types of surgery, but the main ones are fetal dysfunction, High-headed fetus ( Self-assessment ) Examples include aborted labor, breech presentation, intrauterine infection, or a history of Caesarean section.

Caesarean section includes: Deep Cesarean Section ( Newspaper interrogation technique ) and Classical Cesarean Section ( The art of coming to the palace ) (Figure 15) Currently, the majority of cases are performed with the former, which involves the lower uterine Lower section ( Kasetsu ) A small incision is made in the lower uterine segment, which is then enlarged to remove the fetus. neck ( Keibu ) It forms part of the uterus, and unlike the uterine body, the muscle fibers run in a ring shape. Therefore, even if this area is torn horizontally, the muscle fibers are not damaged, so there is little bleeding and the wound heals well. Furthermore, during childbirth in the next pregnancy, the lower segment is not a part that contracts, so there is little force applied to it, and it has the advantage of being less likely to rupture.

In contrast, a classical cesarean section involves a vertical incision of the uterine body. The uterine body has a mesh-like structure of muscle fibers, so it must be incised sharply. This results in more bleeding, and the tissue is thicker than that of the lower segment, so more care must be taken when suturing. Furthermore, since muscle fibers are cut, the scar may not heal well. In the next pregnancy, there is a disadvantage that the uterus is prone to rupture due to the fact that it is a contracting part of the uterus.

Classical cesarean section is now used when the fetus is Lateral position ( Oui ) or a large ulcer on the anterior wall of the lower segment. Fibroids ( Kinshu ) It is only performed when there is a problem with the lower segment, or when the formation of the lower segment is insufficient during a cesarean section for a premature baby, making it impossible to incision of the lower segment. With a deep cesarean section, it may be possible to have a vaginal birth in the next pregnancy, but with a classic cesarean section, a cesarean section will be required 100% of the time. However, recently, there has been an overwhelming increase in obstetricians who plan to perform a cesarean section in the next pregnancy, even if they have had a deep cesarean section.

Tomoyuki Fujii

Figure 15 Caesarean section
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Figure 15 Caesarean section


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

骨盤位分娩

 いわゆる逆子(さかご)の分娩です。胎児の体で最も大きいのは頭部ですが、逆子ではその頭部が最後に出てくるため、産道と頭部の間に臍帯(さいたい)(はさ)まれて、臍帯の血流が妨げられます。臍帯血流の遮断(しゃだん)は、ただちに胎児の生命を脅かすことになるので、この時間をできるだけ短くする必要があり、そのために骨盤位牽出術(こつばんいけんしゅつじゅつ)を行います。

 骨盤位分娩(こつばんいぶんべん)では、先頭にあるのが下肢や臀部(でんぶ)であるため、頭に比べて小さく、子宮口が全開していなくてもこの部分が娩出され、子宮口に胎児の頭が引っかかってしまうことが起こりえます。

 そこで、子宮口が全開するまで、胎児の下降を避けるため、できるだけ母体をいきませないようにしなければなりません。また、もしも臀部が産道をふさぐ前に破水すると、体の脇から臍帯が腟に脱出してしまい、狭い部分で圧迫されて、胎児の生命が危うくなることがあります。

 子宮口が全開すると、陣痛により、胎児の臀部が徐々に産道を降りてきます。このころになると、臍帯が多少圧迫を受けるようになり、胎児の心拍数が変動するようになります。外陰部にまで胎児の臀部が降りてきたら、会陰切開(えいんせっかい)をして、産道の出口を十分に広くしておき、陣痛に合わせて母体はいきむようにさせ、同時に骨盤位牽出術を行います。

 これにはいくつかの方法がありますが、いずれも上肢を持ち上げさせないようにします。もし持ち上がったらそれを胎児の顔の前をとおるようにして介出し、腟の外に出します。胎児の頭を仙骨(せんこつ)弯曲(わんきょく)にしたがってスムーズに娩出(べんしゅつ)させます。そうすることで臍帯の圧迫は最短時間ですむようになり、骨盤位の胎児が元気に出生します。

 しかし、この手技は熟練を要し、また予定帝王切開(よていていおうせっかい)に比べて出生児の予後が統計的に悪くなっていることを示す論文が海外で発表されたこともあり、骨盤位でとくに初産の場合は、ほとんどの産科医が予定帝王切開を行って、経腟的(けいちつてき)に分娩させないようになっています。

鉗子分娩、吸引分娩

 頭位の分娩で、子宮口が全開し破水(はすい)もしていて、胎児の頭がある程度降りてきている場合に、緊急に胎児を娩出させる必要がある時に行います。

 具体的には、胎児の状態が悪化し(胎児機能不全)、その生命が危うい場合、陣痛が十分に強いのに分娩が止まってしまった場合、心臓病などの合併症のため母体がいきむことができない時に分娩2期を短縮する必要がある場合などに、胎児の頭を誘導して、すみやかに娩出させる方法です。

 鉗子分娩(かんしぶんべん)は、金属の鉗子を胎児の頭に装着して誘導する方法で、吸引分娩(きゅういんぶんべん)は、吸引カップを胎児の頭に装着して陰圧にし、牽引(けんいん)する方法です。いずれも経験を積んだ産科医が行わなければなりませんが、鉗子分娩は吸引分娩に比べ胎児に与える損傷は少なくなっています。ただし母体に対する損傷は鉗子分娩で多いことが、臨床試験で明らかになっています。

帝王切開

 経腟分娩が不可能な時に、母体の腹部と子宮を切開して、胎児を取り出す手術です。手術の対象は多岐にわたりますが、主に胎児機能不全、児頭高位(じとうこうい)の分娩停止、骨盤位、子宮内感染、帝王切開の既往歴がある場合などです。

 帝王切開には、深部帝王切開術(しんぶていおうせっかいじゅつ)古典的帝王切開術(こてんてきていおうせっかいじゅつ)とがあります(図15)。現在、大半の症例に行われるのは前者であり、子宮下部の下節(かせつ)部分に小切開を加えたあと、その部位を拡大して胎児を取り出します。子宮下節は、妊娠していない時には子宮頸部(けいぶ)の一部を形成し、子宮体部と違って筋線維が輪状に走っています。そのため、ここを横に裂いても筋線維を傷つけないので出血は少なく、また傷あとの回復も良好です。さらに、次回の妊娠時の分娩でも、下節は収縮する部分ではないために力があまり加わらず、破裂が少ないという利点があります。

 これに対して、古典的帝王切開は子宮体部を縦に切開する方法です。子宮体部は筋線維が網目状に走っているので、鋭く切開する必要があります。そのために出血は多くなり、また下節に比べて組織が厚いので、縫合にもより注意が必要です。さらに、筋線維を切断するため傷あとがうまく治らないこともあります。次の妊娠時の分娩では、収縮する部分であることも加わって、破裂が起こりやすいという欠点があります。

 古典的帝王切開は、現在では、胎児が横位(おうい)であったり、下節前壁に大きな筋腫(きんしゅ)があったり、未熟児の帝王切開で下節の形成が不十分であったりして、下節の切開が不可能な場合などだけに行われます。深部帝王切開では、次の妊娠時には経腟分娩することが可能な場合もありますが、古典的帝王切開では次も100%帝王切開が必要になります。ただ最近では、深部帝王切開でも次の妊娠で予定帝王切開を行う産科医が圧倒的に増えています。

藤井 知行

図15 帝王切開
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図15 帝王切開


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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