Atmospheric stability - atmospheric stability

Japanese: 大気安定度 - たいきあんていど
Atmospheric stability - atmospheric stability

This refers to the degree of reaction of the atmosphere to a micro-disturbance when it is applied to an atmosphere in a state of equilibrium. If the micro-disturbance decays and the original equilibrium state is restored, the atmospheric state is said to be stable, and if the micro-disturbance develops and the original equilibrium state is not restored, the atmospheric state is said to be unstable. The degree of stability is also called stability, and the degree of instability is also called instability, but in a broad sense, instability is included in stability. The stability of a stratified, stationary atmosphere is called hydrostatic stability, and the stability of an atmosphere in equilibrium motion is called dynamic stability. Generally, when stability is mentioned, it refers to hydrostatic stability.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Static Stability

In the case of static stability, air particles are adiabatically displaced by a small amount as a small disturbance, and the buoyancy force exerted on the air particles due to the difference between the temperature of the adiabatically changed air particles and the temperature of the air at the displaced location determines whether the air particles continue to displace (unstable), return to their original location (stable), or remain at the displaced location (neutral). Therefore, static stability can be easily determined from the vertical distribution of air temperature using an adiabatic diagram. If the air lapse rate is smaller than the moist adiabatic rate, it is called absolutely stable, if it is larger than the dry adiabatic lapse rate, it is called absolutely unstable, and if it is between the two, it is called conditionally unstable. Isothermal layers and inversion layers are absolutely stable. In the case of conditional instability, if the air particles in the lower layer are adiabatically forced to rise, and the air particles become lighter than the surrounding air at a certain height and rise freely, this is called potential instability. If the equivalent potential temperature (or wet-bulb potential temperature) decreases with height, this is called convective instability. This is when the entire lower air layer is adiabatically forced to rise until it is saturated, and the air layer becomes unstable. Both latent and convective instability appear when the lower atmosphere is very moist, and the atmosphere that brings about heavy rain contains these instabilities.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Dynamic Stability

On the other hand, in the case of dynamic stability, tiny waves are applied as tiny disturbances, and it is determined whether the amplitude increases (unstable), decreases (stable), or remains the same (neutral). Generally, if there is a difference in wind speed (shear) in the atmospheric flow, instability always exists. This is called shear instability. In a barotropic atmosphere, there is no shear in the vertical direction, but instability can exist depending on the horizontal distribution of wind. If there is a horizontal distribution of wind such that the absolute vorticity has a minimum value, the disturbance develops by converting its kinetic energy from the kinetic energy of the basic flow. This is called barotropic instability. In a baroclinic atmosphere, when the vertical shear of the wind due to the thermal wind is large, instability due to this appears. This is called baroclinic instability. In this case, the positional energy associated with the temperature gradient is converted into the kinetic energy of the disturbance, and the disturbance develops. It is believed that extratropical cyclones develop by this mechanism. When two layers of air with different densities are stratified and moving horizontally at different speeds, the instability that occurs at the interface between the two layers is called Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability. This instability is attracting attention in aviation meteorology as it is related to clear air turbulence.

[Hiroshi Matano]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

平衡状態にある大気に微小擾乱(じょうらん)が与えられたとき、その擾乱に対する大気の反応の程度をいう。もし、微小擾乱が減衰して、もとの平衡状態が回復される場合、その大気の状態は安定であるといい、微小擾乱が発達して、もとの平衡状態が回復されない場合、その大気の状態は不安定であるという。安定の程度を安定度、不安定の程度を不安定度ともいうが、広義には、安定度のなかに不安定度を含める。成層している静止大気の安定度を静力学的安定度といい、平衡運動をしている大気の安定度を動力学的安定度という。一般に安定度といえば静力学的安定度をさす。

[股野宏志]

静力学的安定度

静力学的安定度の場合は、微小擾乱として空気粒子を断熱的に微小変位させ、断熱変化した空気粒子の温度と変位した場所の空気の温度の差によって空気粒子の受ける浮力から、空気粒子がさらに変位を続ける(不安定)か、もとの場所に戻る(安定)か、変位した場所にそのままとどまる(中立)かを判定する。したがって、静力学的安定度は断熱図を用い、気温の鉛直分布から容易に判定することができる。気温減率が湿潤断熱率より小さい場合は絶対安定、乾燥断熱減率より大きい場合は絶対不安定、両者の中間にある場合は条件付不安定という。等温層や逆転層は絶対安定である。条件付不安定において、下層の空気粒子を断熱的に強制上昇させたとき、その空気粒子がある高さから、周囲の空気より軽くなって自由上昇するような気温分布をしている場合、これを潜在不安定という。相当温位(または湿球温位)が高さとともに減少している場合、これを対流不安定という。これは、下層の気層全体を飽和するまで断熱的に強制上昇させたとき、その気層が不安定になるものである。潜在不安定も対流不安定も大気下層が非常に湿っているときに現れ、集中豪雨をもたらす気層はこれらの不安定を内蔵している。

[股野宏志]

動力学的安定度

一方、動力学的安定度の場合は、微小擾乱として微小波動を与え、振幅が増大する(不安定)か、減少する(安定)か、そのままである(中立)かを判定する。一般に、大気の流れの中に風速差(シア)があれば、そこにはつねに不安定が存在する。これをシア不安定という。順圧大気では、鉛直方向にシアがないが、風の水平分布によっては不安定が存在する。もし、絶対渦度が極小値をもつような風の水平分布があるとき、擾乱はその運動エネルギーが基本の流れの運動エネルギーから変換されて発達する。これを順圧不安定という。傾圧大気では、温度風による風の鉛直シアが大きいとき、これによる不安定が現れる。これを傾圧不安定という。この場合、温度傾度に伴う位置のエネルギーが擾乱の運動エネルギーに変換され、擾乱が発達する。温帯低気圧はこの機構によって発達するものと考えられている。密度の異なる二つの気層が成層し、互いに異なる速度で水平に動いているとき、二層間の境界面に生ずる不安定をケルビン‐ヘルムホルツ(KH)不安定という。この不安定は晴天乱気流に関係するものとして航空気象では注目されている。

[股野宏志]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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