Customised beliefs and rituals for deceased ancestors. It is different from worship of the dead, because not all the dead are ancestors. The dead can only become ancestors if they have descendants that are socially recognized as legitimate. This is why in many African societies, those who die without descendants are not worshipped as ancestors. Who is a legitimate ancestor or who is a legitimate descendant is closely linked to the social relations, especially family and kinship, of the society that practices ancestor worship. For example, in the Ashanti, a matrilineal ethnic group in Africa, it is not the father, who is close to the child, who is worshipped as an ancestor, but the maternal uncle, who has legal authority. In Japan, the spirits of ancestors are united into a collective ancestral god, and this process of transformation into a kami corresponds to ancestor worship as a form of ritual. In Japan, ancestor worship is also closely linked to the kinship system, in this case the "ie" system, and plays an important role in supporting the continuity and lineage of the "ie." Regarding the difference between societies with and without ancestor worship, Middleton and others point out that ancestor worship is more likely to be found in societies where political groups are based on a single lineage. According to Fortes, who made an important contribution to the study of ancestor worship in Africa, the ancestor worship of the Tallensi agricultural people of West Africa is linked to a kind of idea of "filial piety," in which children should respect their parents, fulfill their parents' wishes, and take care of their elderly parents. In his opinion, ancestor worship is, in one sense, a projection of the parent-child relationship into the religious world. Ancestor worship is popular in Japan, China, and Africa, but there are also important differences. In the former, the main purpose is to give rest to ancestors in the afterlife, while in the latter, the main purpose is to make amends to ancestors for the sins and negligence committed by the living. [Yasushi Kato] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
亡くなった祖先に対する慣習化した信仰と儀礼。死者に対する崇拝とは異なる。死者がすべて祖先になるとは限らないからである。死者は、社会的に正統と認められた子孫をもって初めて祖先になりうる。多くのアフリカ社会で子孫を残すことなく死んだ者が祖先として崇拝されない理由がそこにある。だれが正統の祖先であるか、あるいはだれが正統な子孫であるかということは、祖先崇拝を行う社会の、とくに家族や親族という社会関係に密接に結び付いている。たとえば、アフリカの母系の民族集団アシャンティでは、祖先として崇拝されるのは、子供に身近な存在である父親ではなく、法的権威をもつ母方オジである。 日本において祖先の霊は、集合的祖先神へ合一していくが、このカミへの変容のプロセスが祭祀(さいし)形態としての祖先崇拝に対応している。祖先崇拝は日本でも親族制度、すなわちこの場合は「家」制度と密接に結び付いており、「家」の永続性と系譜性を支えるために重要な働きをしている。 祖先崇拝のある社会とない社会の相違についてミドルトンらは、祖先崇拝は政治集団が単系出自集団に基づいている社会にみいだされやすいと指摘している。アフリカの祖先崇拝の研究に重要な貢献をしたフォーテスによれば、西アフリカの農耕民タレンシの祖先崇拝は、子供が親を敬い、親の望みをかなえ、年老いた親の世話を行うべきであるという一種の「孝」の観念と結び付いている。彼の考えでは、祖先崇拝は一面において親子関係を宗教的世界へ投影したものなのである。祖先崇拝は日本や中国およびアフリカで盛んであるが、そこには重要な相違も認められる。前者においては祖先を他界で安息させるのが主眼であるが、後者においては生者の犯した罪や怠慢を、祖先に対して償うのがおもな目的である。 [加藤 泰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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