A sect of Zen Buddhism in China and Japan. [Yoshiaki Tanaka] ChinaChinese Zen Buddhism was founded by Bodhidharma, who came from India in the second half of the 5th century, and its foundations were established by the sixth patriarch, Huineng (638-713). The lineage founded by Huineng is called Southern Zen, which further developed into the Hongzhou sect, founded by Mazu Daoyi, a disciple of Nanyue Huairang, a disciple of Huineng's disciple Nanyue Huairang, and the Sekito sect, founded by Sekitou Xichan, a disciple of Seigen Gyoshi, a disciple of the same disciple. Later, five sects branched off from the Hongzhou sect, the Igyo sect and the Rinzai sect, and three branched off from the Sekkou sect, the Soto sect, the Unmon sect, and the Hogen sect. In addition, the Rinzai sect split into two branches, the Yangqi sect and the Huanglong sect. As a result, these sects are generally known as the Five Houses and Seven Sects. The Chinese Soto sect is a school that emerged from the Shitou sect's Shitou Kisen through Yakusan Igen and Ungan Donsheng, and was established by Tozan Ryokai (807-869) and his disciple Caozan Honjaku (840-901), and its name is derived from the two mountain names of the two founders, Tozan and Caozan. The distinctive feature of this school was the use of verses called Goi when guiding scholars, and its sect style was known for its thoroughness. During the Song Dynasty, Dahui Zonggao, who came from the Rinzai sect of Buddhism founded by Linji Yixuan, preached Kannazen Zen, and Hongzhi Zhengjue, who came from the Soto sect of Buddhism, preached Silent Illumination Zen, and from then on these two sects represented Chinese Zen Buddhism. [Yoshiaki Tanaka] JapanThe Japanese Soto sect was introduced from China by Dogen, who appeared in the Kamakura period. Dogen became a monk at the age of 13 and studied Buddhism at Mount Hiei and Kenninji Temple before traveling to Song China at the age of 24. At the age of 26, he attained enlightenment under Tendo Nyojo, the 13th patriarch of the Chinese Soto sect since Tozan Ryokei, and in 1227 (Antei 1), he returned to Japan, succeeding Nyojo's lineage. After returning to Japan, he wrote the one-volume book "Fukan Zazengi" at Kenninji Temple, in which he proclaimed the correct Buddhist teachings based on zazen, which marked the founding of the Japanese Soto sect. However, Dogen rejected the idea of calling his position the Soto sect, and was convinced that the Buddhist teachings were the one and correct lineage that had been passed down from Shakyamuni to Bodhidharma, Huineng, Ryokai, and Nyojo before him. Therefore, the origin of the name of the Japanese Soto sect can be seen as coming from the two mountain names, Sokei, where the Sixth Patriarch Huineng preached, and Tozan, where Tozan Ryokai was active, as Tendo Nyojo traces his lineage not from Tozan Ryokai to Sozan Honjaku, but from Tozan Ryokai's disciple Ungo Doyo, unlike the Chinese Soto sect. Later, at the age of 34, Dogen built Kannon Doriin Kosho Horin-ji Temple on the former site of Gokuraku-ji Temple in Uji, Yamashiro Province (Kyoto Prefecture), opening the first monastery in Japan, establishing the rules of a Zen temple, and training serious practitioners. However, as Dogen's fame grew, he also came under pressure from the old Buddhism side, and in 1244 (Kangen 2), at the invitation of Hatano Yoshishige, he founded Eihei-ji Temple in Shibinosho, Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture), and for the next 10 years until his death, he devoted himself to promoting the orthodox Buddhist teachings and writing books such as Shobogenzo. Many talented people gathered under Dogen, and after he was succeeded by Koun Ejo and Tetsu Gikai, the fourth head of the family was Keizan Jokin (1268/1264-1325). Keizan lived at Daijoji Temple in Kaga (Ishikawa Prefecture) and published the Denkoroku, which clarified the origins of the orthodox Buddhist teachings since Shakyamuni. He then founded Eikoji Temple and Sojiji Temple in Noto (Ishikawa Prefecture), solidifying the foundations of the religious organization and producing many talented people, establishing a foundation for the Soto sect to expand its reach nationwide. The orthodox Buddhism based on Shikantaza, as proclaimed by Dogen, was unique in its pure religious nature and high philosophical quality, but after Keizan, magical elements were added to meet the demands of the people, and the sect flourished greatly. It has gone through the movement to restore the religious tradition in the Edo period and the anti-Buddhist and anti-Shakyamuni movement in the early Meiji period, but today it is centered on Shakyamuni and the One Buddha and Two Patriarchs, with Dogen as the High Priest and Keizan as the Grand Priest, and has developed into a large sect with 14,687 temples and 1,717,000 parishioners nationwide, with Eiheiji and Sojiji, which moved from Noto to Tsurumi, Kanagawa Prefecture in 1898 (Meiji 31), as its two main temples. In addition to the two main temples, the sect has a Soto Zen Administration Office in Minato-ku, Tokyo, which is responsible for the administration of the sect, and the affairs of the sect are managed by an internal bureau consisting of the general director and seven department heads under the chief priest, who is appointed by the head priest of the two main temples on a two-year rotation. In particular, the sect operates three educational institutions: Komazawa University, Aichi Gakuin University, and Tohoku Fukushi University. It publishes the Soto Zen News for temples, Zen Friends for parishioners, and Zen Wind for the general public, and is also active in chanting the Baika style, centered around the women's association. In response to the growing interest in Zen both at home and abroad, Zen training halls have been opened in various places, including the main temple, and active efforts are being made to spread Soto Zen overseas, including to North and South America and Europe. [Yoshiaki Tanaka] "Collection of Essays on the History of Japanese Buddhism, Volume 8: Zen Master Dogen and the Soto Sect, edited by Kawamura Takamichi and Ishikawa Rikizan (1985, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Research on the History of the Regional Development of Zen Buddhism, by Hirose Yoshihiro (1988, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Dogen, by Takeuchi Michio (1992, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Introduction to Zen 2: Dogen, Shobogenzo, Eihei Koroku, by Kagamishima Mototaka (1994, Kodansha)" [References] | | | | | |Shobogenzo| | | |Daijoji | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Soto Zen sect / Brief family tree Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国、日本の禅宗の一派。 [田中良昭] 中国中国の禅宗は、5世紀の後半にインドから渡来した菩提達磨(ぼだいだるま)を初祖とし、それから6代目の祖師である慧能(えのう)(638―713)によってその基礎が確立された。この慧能を祖とする系統を南宗禅といい、南宗禅はさらに、慧能門下の南岳懐譲(なんがくえじょう)の弟子馬祖道一(ばそどういつ)による洪州宗(こうしゅうしゅう)と、同門下の青原行思(せいげんぎょうし)の弟子石頭希遷(せきとうきせん)による石頭宗へと発展した。のちに洪州宗からは潙仰(いぎょう)、臨済(りんざい)の2宗、石頭宗からは曹洞、雲門(うんもん)、法眼(ほうげん)の3宗のつごう5宗が分派し、また臨済宗が楊岐(ようぎ)、黄龍(おうりょう)の2派に分かれたため、一般に五家七宗の名でよばれている。 中国の曹洞宗は、石頭宗の石頭希遷から薬山惟儼(やくさんいげん)、雲厳曇晟(うんがんどんじょう)を経て出現した洞山良价(とうざんりょうかい)(807―869)とその弟子曹山本寂(そうざんほんじゃく)(840―901)の2人によって大成された一派をさし、その名称もこの2人の祖師の活躍した洞山と曹山の二つの山号からつけられたものである。この派の特色は、学人の指導に際して五位(ごい)とよばれる偈頌(げじゅ)を用い、その宗風は綿密をもって知られた。宋(そう)代には臨済義玄(ぎげん)を祖とする臨済宗から出た大慧宗杲(だいえそうこう)が看話禅(かんなぜん)を、曹洞宗から出た宏智正覚(わんししょうかく)が黙照禅(もくしょうぜん)を宣揚し、それ以後はこの2宗によって中国禅宗が代表された。 [田中良昭] 日本日本の曹洞宗は、鎌倉時代に出現した道元によって中国から伝来されたものである。道元は13歳で出家し、比叡山(ひえいざん)や建仁寺で仏教を学んだのち、24歳で入宋(にっそう)し、26歳のとき、中国曹洞宗の祖洞山良价から数えて13代目の祖師にあたる天童如浄(てんどうにょじょう)のもとで開悟し、1227年(安貞1)如浄の法統を継いで帰国した。帰国後、建仁寺にて『普勧坐禅儀(ふかんざぜんぎ)』1巻を著し、坐禅を根本とする正伝(しょうでん)の仏法を宣揚したが、これが日本曹洞宗の立教開宗である。ただ道元は自らの立場を曹洞宗の名でよぶことを退け、あくまで釈尊より達磨―慧能―良价―如浄を経て自らに伝承された正伝全一の仏法であるとの確信にたっていた。したがって日本の曹洞宗の宗名の由来としては、天童如浄が、洞山良价から曹山本寂の系統ではなく、洞山良价の弟子雲居道膺(うんごどうよう)の系統を引いていることからも、中国曹洞宗のそれとは異なって、六祖慧能が説法した曹渓(そうけい)と、洞山良价の活躍した洞山の二つの山名によるものとみることができる。その後、道元は34歳で山城国(やましろのくに)(京都府)宇治の極楽寺の旧址(きゅうし)に観音導利院興聖(かんのんどうりいんこうしょう)宝林寺を建立し、日本に最初の僧堂を開き、禅院の規矩(きく)を整えて本格的な修行者の育成にあたった。しかし道元の名声の高まりとともに、旧仏教側からの圧迫も加わり、1244年(寛元2)波多野義重(はたのよししげ)の招請を受けて越前国(えちぜんのくに)(福井県)志比庄(しびのしょう)に永平寺を開創し、それから入滅までの10年間、正伝の仏法の宣揚と『正法眼蔵(しょうぼうげんぞう)』をはじめとする著作に専念した。この道元の下には優れた人材が集まったが、孤雲懐弉(こうんえじょう)、徹通義介(てっつうぎかい)と継承したのち、第4代目に出現したのが瑩山紹瑾(けいざんじょうきん)(1268/1264―1325)である。瑩山は加賀(石川県)の大乗寺に住し、釈尊以来の正伝の仏法の由来を明らかにした『伝光録』を開示し、その後能登(のと)(石川県)に永光寺(ようこうじ)、さらに総持寺(そうじじ)を開創して教団の基礎を固めるとともに、優れた人材を輩出して曹洞宗が全国的に教線を拡大する基盤を確立した。 道元によって宣揚された只管打坐(しかんたざ)による正伝の仏法は、純粋な宗教性と高度の哲学性をもった独特のものであったが、瑩山以後になると民衆の要請にこたえるために呪術(じゅじゅつ)的要素が加味され、教団的には大いに隆盛をみた。江戸時代の宗統復古運動や明治初期の廃仏毀釈(はいぶつきしゃく)などを経たが、現在では釈尊を中心とし、道元を高祖(こうそ)、瑩山を太祖(たいそ)と仰ぐ一仏両祖を信仰の中心とし、永平寺と、1898年(明治31)能登から神奈川県鶴見に移転した総持寺を両大本山として、全国に1万4687か寺、171万7000の檀家(だんか)を擁する一大宗団に発展している。その宗団では、両大本山のほかに宗門行政をつかさどる機関として東京都港区に宗務庁が置かれ、両大本山の貫首(かんす)が2年交代で就任する管長の下に、宗務総長と7人の部長からなる内局によって宗務が運営されている。とくに宗立の教育機関として駒沢大学、愛知学院大学、東北福祉大学の3大学を経営し、出版活動としては寺院向けの『曹洞宗報』、檀信徒向けの『禅の友』、一般向けの『禅の風』を発行し、婦人会を中心とした梅花(ばいか)流の詠唱活動も盛んである。また、内外からの禅に対する関心の高まりに対し、大本山をはじめ各地に参禅道場が開設される一方、南・北アメリカ、ヨーロッパなど海外への曹洞禅の普及にも積極的な努力が払われている。 [田中良昭] 『河村孝道・石川力山編『日本仏教宗史論集 第8巻 道元禅師と曹洞宗』(1985・吉川弘文館)』▽『広瀬良弘著『禅宗地方展開史の研究』(1988・吉川弘文館)』▽『竹内道雄著『道元』(1992・吉川弘文館)』▽『鏡島元隆著『禅入門2 道元 正法眼蔵・永平広録』(1994・講談社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 曹洞宗/略系図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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