Wind-correcting exercise

A style reform movement carried out by the Chinese Communist Party to correct the theories and practices of its cadres. (1) The first took place in Yan'an under siege by the Japanese army from 1942 to 1944, followed by (2) the one in 1947 to 1948 just before the offensive in the postwar civil war and the liberation of the city, (3) the one in 1950 just after the founding of the People's Republic of China (which was interrupted by the start of the Korean War), and (4) the one following the Anti-Rightist Struggle of 1957 to 1958. It was also carried out during the Cultural Revolution, and the term is still sometimes used in recent years, but the more commonly used term is "shu" (tightening) in contrast to "fang" (so-called liberalization). Of these, (1) and (4) are particularly important.

(1) was a movement to retrain party members, especially those from cities who had recently come to the liberated areas, in conjunction with the Great Production Movement (especially the production of food, clothing, and weapons) in a situation where the party was militarily inferior under the siege of the Japanese and Kuomintang armies and where food and supplies were extremely scarce due to natural disasters. The theoretical basis for this movement was Mao Zedong's "Reform our learning," "Correct the party's attitude in work," and "Oppose the party's eight-pronged (empty formalism)" (1941-1942), which emphasized "academic style" (a learning attitude that rejects empty theories and seeks the truth based on concrete facts), "party style" (the rejection of sectarianism), and "literary style" (writing documents in a clear and easy-to-understand manner), and was also called "three styles of organization." This movement achieved great results, led the Chinese Communist Party to victory in the Anti-Japanese War, and consolidated its greatest strength since its founding in 1921.

(4) was developed after the founding of the People's Republic of China, when the National People's Congress (equivalent to the National Diet) was established in 1954, cooperative farming began in rural areas in 1956, bourgeois intellectuals had a stronger voice in cities, and the influence of the "right wing" was growing. The Chinese Communist Party, which viewed the international anti-Stalin movement such as the Hungarian incident negatively, carried out this initiative for about a year from 1957. The theme of this initiative was to shift ownership from individual to collective ownership, and ideologically, the aim was to eliminate bourgeois ideology and strengthen communist ideology. It had some drawbacks, such as being too fast-paced and making intellectuals feel too intimidated, but it was advantageous for the subsequent establishment of people's communes and for China's presence in international politics.

[Yuzo Kato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国共産党が幹部の理論・実践の仕方を正すために行った作風（方法）の改造運動。（1）1942～1944年に日本軍包囲下の延安で行われた最初のもの、ついで（2）戦後の内戦で攻勢に転じ、都市の解放に向かう直前の1947～1948年のもの、（3）新中国成立の直後の1950年（これは朝鮮戦争の開始により中断）のもの、（4）1957～1958年の反右派闘争に続くもの、がある。文化大革命の最中にも行われ、近年でもときどきこの用語が用いられるが、最近では「放」（いわゆる自由化）に対する「収」（引き締め）の用語がおもに使われる。このうち（1）と（4）がとくに重要である。

　（1）は、日本軍と国民党軍の包囲下で軍事的に劣勢となり、また天災などで食糧・物資が極度に不足した状況のもとで、大生産運動（とくに食糧と衣服、武器の生産）と連動して、とくに新しく解放区にきた都市出身の党員を鍛え直す運動であった。その理論的な基礎となった毛沢東(もうたくとう)の「われわれの学習を改革せよ」「党の活動態度を正せ」「党八股(はっこ)（空虚な形式主義）に反対せよ」（1941～1942）には、「学風」（空理空論を排して具体的な事実に基づく真理を求める学習態度）、「党風」（セクト主義の排除）、「文風」（文書類の表現は明白にわかりやすく書くこと）が強調されており、「三風整頓(さんぷうせいとん)」ともよばれた。この運動は大きな成果を収め、抗日戦争を勝利に導き、中国共産党は1921年の成立以来最大の力を結集した。

　（4）が展開されたのは、新中国成立後、1954年には全国人民代表大会（国会にあたる）ができ、1956年には農村においては合作化が開始され、都市ではブルジョア知識人が発言力を強め、「右派」の影響力が大きくなった段階であり、ハンガリー事件など国際的な反スターリン運動を否定的にとらえた中国共産党が、1957年から約1年にわたって行ったものである。ここでのテーマは、所有制を個人所有から集団所有へ移すこと、思想的にはブルジョア思想を排し、共産主義思想を強化することを目的とした。テンポが早すぎ、知識人を過度に萎縮(いしゅく)させたことなど、いくつかの弊害を伴ったが、その後の人民公社化、国際政治における中国の存在誇示には有利に作用した。

［加藤祐三］

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