Westward Movement

Japanese: 西漸運動 - せいぜんうんどう(英語表記)Westward Movement
Westward Movement
This refers to the expansion of settlements and migration of population from the east coast of the United States to the undeveloped western lands along the Pacific coast. America began with the thirteen colonies on the east coast, but expanded its territory to the Mississippi River after independence from Great Britain, to the Rocky Mountains with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and then to the annexation of Texas in 1845, Oregon in 1846, and California and New Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War in 1848. As the United States reached the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean, its westward movement became a large-scale one that covered the entirety of North America. The westward movement generally took place in the following order: fur trappers and fur traders, land speculators, cattle ranchers, and farmers, and finally towns and factories appeared. In the United States census, an area with a population of two or less per 2.6 km2 (1 square mile) is considered undeveloped, and the border between this undeveloped area and an already settled area with a population of two or more per 2.6 km2 is considered the frontier. In 1790, this frontier crossed the Appalachian Mountains, reached the Mississippi River in 1830, and in the mid-19th century, due to the Gold Rush and other events, it expanded into areas beyond the Rocky Mountains. The 1990 census report announced the disappearance of the frontier. The continuous population movement to the vast West brought about an increase in the wealthy farming class, a constant labor shortage in the eastern industrial cities, and the formation of domestic markets and raw material suppliers, but it is said that life on the frontier, facing nature, contributed to the birth of American democracy, which is centered on self-employment and mutual aid. However, it is a fact that cannot be overlooked that the westward movement itself was a process of expulsion and murder of the indigenous Indians and the seizure of their land. This gave rise to the idea of ​​using violence to resolve conflicts, an aspect of frontier life. (→ Manifest Destiny)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
アメリカの東海岸から西方の太平洋岸までの,西部未開拓地への定住地の拡大と人口移動をいう。初め東海岸十三植民地から始ったアメリカは,その領土をイギリスからの独立によってミシシッピ川まで,また 1803年のルイジアナ購入によってロッキー山脈まで,さらに 45年のテキサス併合,46年のオレゴン併合,48年のアメリカ=メキシコ戦争の結果によるカリフォルニア,ニューメキシコなどの獲得により広げていき,大西洋より太平洋に達したので,その西漸運動は北アメリカ全体をおおう大規模なものになった。西漸は一般に,毛皮を求める猟師や毛皮商人,土地投機師,牧畜業者,農民という順序で行われ,最後に町や工場が出現していった。アメリカの国勢調査では 2.6km2 (1平方マイル) につき人口2人以下を未開拓地とし,この未開拓地と 2.6km2あたり2人以上の人口を有する既住地域との境界線をフロンティアとするが,このフロンティアは 1790年にはアパラチア山脈を越え,1830年にはミシシッピ川に達し,そして 19世紀なかばにはゴールド・ラッシュなどのため一挙にロッキー山脈を越える地域に進出した。 90年の国勢調査報告書はフロンティアの消滅を告げた。広大な西部への間断ない人口移動は,豊かな農民層の増加,東部工業都市における恒常的な労働力不足,国内市場と原料供給地の形成をもたらしたが,自然を相手とするフロンティアでの生活が,独立自営,相互扶助などを中心とするアメリカ民主主義の誕生に貢献したといわれている。しかし,西漸運動そのものが先住民族インディアンの追放,殺害と彼らからの土地奪取の過程であったことは見逃しえない事実である。そこから暴力による事態の解決という,フロンティア生活の一面が生じた。 (→マニフェスト・デスティニー )  

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