Skinner - Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Japanese: スキナー - すきなー(英語表記)Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Skinner - Burrhus Frederic Skinner

A representative contemporary American psychologist. Born in Pennsylvania. After earning his doctorate at Harvard University, he went on to study at Minnesota and Indiana University before becoming a professor at Harvard in 1948 and serving as a tenured professor since 1958. He is one of the leaders of neo-behaviorism. Around 1930-1940, he established experimental analysis of behavior from basic research using animal experiments. This method, influenced by the principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning, deals with conditioning the spontaneous behavior of living organisms and is called operant conditioning. While classical conditioning focuses on presenting stimuli independent of responses, operant conditioning deals with the formation and maintenance of behavior through the contingency of responses and reinforcement, and he conducted detailed research on the differences in steady-state response rates due to various schedules of reinforcement. To this end, he criticized conventional animal experiments such as maze experiments, invented the Skinner box, which allows for simple and clear manipulations, and conducted unique experiments.

Since 1950, he has built on these results by continuing his research into human learning behavior and verbal conditioning, and has made achievements in many fields, including programmed learning through the development of teaching machines, behavioral pharmacology, clinical techniques using behavior modification, and behavior therapy. His major works include The behavior of organisms (1938), Science and human behavior (1953), Verbal behavior (1957), and About behaviorism (1974).

[Takashi Ogawa]

"What is Behavioral Engineering?" (translated by Mitsuru Inuda, 1975, Yugakusha)

[References] | Reinforcement | Behaviorism | Conditioning | Neo-behaviorism | Programmed learning

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

現代アメリカの代表的心理学者。ペンシルベニア州生まれ。ハーバード大学で学位を取得後、ミネソタ、インディアナ大学を経て、1948年ハーバード大学教授となり、1958年来、終身教授。新行動主義Neo behaviorismのリーダーの一人。1930~1940年ごろ、動物実験による基礎研究から実験的行動分析experimental analysis of behaviorを確立した。この方法はパブロフの古典条件づけの原理に影響を受けながら、生活体の自発的行動の条件づけを扱うものであり、オペラントoperant条件づけと称される。古典条件づけが反応と独立に刺激を呈示することに重点を置くのに対し、オペラント条件づけは反応と強化の随伴関係contingencyによる行動の形成・維持を扱うもので、彼は強化のさまざまなスケジュールによる定常的な反応率の相違に関する精細な研究を展開した。また、この目的のため、迷路実験などの従来の動物実験を批判し、単純・明確な操作を可能にするスキナー箱を考案、ユニークな実験を行った。

 1950年以後、この成果にたって人間の学習行動、言語条件づけなどについて研究を進め、さらにティーチング・マシンの開発によるプログラム学習、行動薬理学、行動修正(変容)behavior modificationを利用した臨床技術、行動療法など多方面にわたって業績を残している。主著に『The behavior of organism』(1938)、『Science and human behavior』(1953)、『Verbal behavior』(1957)、また『行動工学とはなにか』About behaviorism(1974)などがある。

[小川 隆]

『犬田充訳『行動工学とはなにか』(1975・佑学社)』

[参照項目] | 強化 | 行動主義 | 条件づけ | 新行動主義 | プログラム学習

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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