Schwarzschild - Karl Schwarzschild

German astronomer. He entered the University of Strasbourg in 1891 to train in practical astronomy. In 1893 he transferred to the University of Munich, where he received his doctorate in 1896 under the supervision of Seeliger. In the same year he became an assistant at the Kuchner Observatory, and in 1901 he became associate professor and observatory director at the University of Göttingen, and in 1909 he became director of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory. When World War I broke out in 1914, he participated in the fighting out of loyalty to his country, and was active in the fields of weather forecasting and ballistic calculation, but died of illness during the war. His achievements include pioneering the photographic photometry of celestial bodies, analyzing the radiative equilibrium of the solar atmosphere, discovering the ellipsoidal distribution of velocities through statistical research into stellar motion, and contributing to the theory of galactic structure and relativistic cosmology, and he has published a wide range of papers and books.

The second son, Martin Schwarzschild (1912-1997), escaped from Nazi Germany, became a naturalized American citizen, and became a professor of astronomy at Princeton University. He played a leading role in theoretical research into the mechanisms of turbulence in the solar atmosphere, the internal structure and evolution of stars, and other topics.

[Shimamura Fukutaro August 21, 2018]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ドイツの天文学者。1891年ストラスブール大学に入学し、実地天文技術を修業。1893年ミューニヒ大学に転学、1896年ゼーリガーの指導で学位を得る。同年クフナー天文台助手、1901年ゲッティンゲン大学準教授兼天文台長、1909年ポツダム天体物理観測所長となる。1914年第一次世界大戦が起こると祖国への忠誠心から戦いに参加し、気象予報、弾道計算などの分野で活動したが戦病死した。業績には、天体の写真測光術の開拓、太陽大気の放射平衡の解析、恒星運動の統計的研究による速度の楕円(だえん)体分布の発見、銀河構造論および相対論的宇宙論への寄与などがあり、論文・著書は広範多数である。

　第2子マーチンMartin Schwarzschild（1912―1997）はナチス・ドイツを脱してアメリカに帰化し、プリンストン大学の天文学教授に就任。太陽大気における乱流機構、恒星の内部構造および進化過程など理論的研究で指導的活躍をした。

［島村福太郎　2018年8月21日］

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