The Sixteen Great Powers

Japanese: 十六大国 - じゅうろくだいこく
The Sixteen Great Powers

Sixteen powerful states existed in India during the same period as Buddha (6th century BCE to early 5th century BCE). The names of the 16 states change slightly between different sources, but the Pāli scriptures list them as follows: (1) Angā, (2) Magadha, (3) Kāśi, (4) Kosala, (5) Bājī, (6) Malla, (7) Chīti, (8) Bansa, (9) Kuru, (10) Panchāla, (11) Maccha, (12) Surasena, (13) Assaka, (14) Avanti, (15) Gandhara, and (16) Kamboja. Of these, (15) and (16) are located in northwestern India, (13) in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau, and the others in the Ganges River basin.

In terms of political form, (5) and (6) are tribal republics, while most of the others are monarchies. Tribal republics are countries called "gana" or "sangha," which means a group or association, and the Shakya (Shaka) state from which the Buddha emerged was one such. The most powerful state in the time of the Buddha was the Bajji state, which was mainly composed of Licchavi people, but it was destroyed by the Magadha state around the beginning of the 5th century BC. In the Ganges River basin, the four monarchical states of Magadha, Kosala, Bansa, and Avanti eventually became powerful and were known as the "Four Great States." However, Magadha, which annexed Kosala, overwhelmed the other states and completed the unification of the Ganges River basin by the middle of the 4th century BC.

[Genichi Yamazaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ブッダと同時代(前6世紀~前5世紀初め)にインドに存在した16の有力国家。16国のそれぞれについては文献間で一部に出入りがあるが、パーリ語仏典では次の諸国をあげる。(1)アンガ、(2)マガダ、(3)カーシ、(4)コーサラ、(5)バッジ、(6)マッラ、(7)チェーティ、(8)バンサ、(9)クル、(10)パンチャーラ、(11)マッチャ、(12)スーラセーナ、(13)アッサカ、(14)アバンティ、(15)ガンダーラ、(16)カンボージャ。これらのうち、(15)(16)は西北インド、(13)はデカン高原北部、その他の諸国はガンジス川流域に位置している。

 政治形態からみると、(5)(6)は部族共和制をとる国、その他はほとんどが王制をとる国である。部族共和制国家とは、集団、組合などを意味する「ガナ」「サンガ」という語でよばれる国で、ブッダの出たシャーキヤ(釈迦(しゃか))人の国家もその一つであった。ブッダ時代にもっとも有力であったのはリッチャビ人を主体とするバッジ国であったが、紀元前5世紀初めごろマガダ国に滅ぼされた。ガンジス川流域では、やがて王制をとるマガダ、コーサラ、バンサ、アバンティの4国が強力となり「四大国」と称されたが、コーサラ国を併合したマガダ国が他の諸国を圧倒し、前4世紀なかばまでにガンジス川流域の統一を完成させた。

[山崎元一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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