Earthquake disaster - jishinsaigai

Japanese: 地震災害 - じしんさいがい

Also known as earthquake disaster. A general term for disasters caused by earthquake motion and ground deformations associated with earthquakes. Earthquakes of intensity 5 or higher cause cracks in the walls of houses, damage to chimneys and storehouses, and collapse of houses. Damage to buildings caused by earthquake motion varies depending on the structure of the building, with buildings made of stacked bricks and stones prone to collapse (earthquake-resistant structure). Buildings on soft ground are often at risk, and generally lowlands with alluvial deposits, especially those with thick deposits, are more dangerous. There have been cases of reinforced concrete buildings collapsing or sinking unevenly due to liquefaction of the ground caused by earthquake motion, such as in the case of the Niigata earthquake (1964). The main types of ground deformation are faults, landslides, landslides, and cracks in the ground, and in rare cases, people have been known to fall into cracks in the ground and die. In general, although to varying degrees, damage to river embankments and sometimes collapses, bridges falling, damage to quays and piers at ports, and various types of destruction of railways, roads, waterworks, etc. are seen. In the Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake (1995), characteristic damage was observed, such as the collapse of highway and railway bridges, and different parts of buildings collapsed depending on their structure. Damage caused by tsunamis due to undersea earthquakes is also serious. In the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 2011), a huge tsunami occurred along the Pacific coast from Aomori Prefecture to Chiba Prefecture, and many cities, towns, and villages, especially in the three prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima, suffered devastating damage. Up until now, the majority of damage caused by earthquakes has been caused by fires and tsunamis that accompany earthquakes, but this earthquake also caused the worst nuclear accident in history at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company, and the synergistic and critical relationship between the nuclear accident and the earthquake and tsunami disaster shocked the world. A characteristic of major earthquake disasters is that these damages overlap, causing all the facilities and institutions in the city to be damaged and lose their functions at the same time, and the psychological impact on people is also extremely large.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

震災とも。地震動および地震に伴う地変に起因する災害の総称。震度５以上の地震であると家屋の壁に亀裂を生じ，煙突，土蔵には破損を生じ，家屋の倒壊などが起こる。地震動による建築物の被害は建物の構造により異なり，煉瓦や石を積み重ねた建物は崩れやすい（耐震構造）。地盤の軟弱なところにある建物は危険が多く，一般的に沖積層の低地，特にそれが厚い場所ほど危ない。新潟地震（1964年）の場合のように震動による地盤の液状化で鉄筋コンクリート建物の転倒や不同沈下が起きた例もある。地変のおもなものは断層，地すべり，山崩れ，地割れなどで，まれに地割れに人が落ちて死ぬ場合も知られている。一般に，程度の差はあるが河川の堤防の破損やときに決壊，橋梁(きょうりょう)の落下，港湾での岸壁や桟橋の破損，鉄道，道路，水道などの各種の破壊がみられる。また兵庫県南部地震（1995年）のときには，高速道路や鉄道の橋梁落下，建築物の構造により崩壊部分が異なるなどの特徴的被害が見られた。海底地震に伴う津波による災害も重大である。東日本大震災（2011年３月）では，青森県から千葉県に至る太平洋岸で巨大津波が発生し，とくに岩手，宮城，福島の三県では多くの市町村が壊滅的な打撃を被った。これまで地震災害のうち地震に伴って生ずる火災や津波による被害が大半を占めてきたが，さらにこの大震災では，東京電力の福島第一原発が史上最悪レベルの原発事故を引き起こし，原発事故と地震・津波災害の相乗的で危機的な関係が世界を震撼させた。大地震の災害の特色はこれらの被害が重なりあって都市のあらゆる設備，機関が同時に損害を受けて機能を失うことであり，また人びとに対する心理的影響もきわめて大きなものがある。
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