The economic circulation table was created by French physiocratic economist and physician Francis Quesnay, modeled on the blood circulation in the human body. There are various versions of the economic table, including the one published in 1758 called the "original table," the one published in V. R. M. Mirabeau's "Philosophy of Agriculture" (1763) called the "abbreviated table," and the one added when Quesnay's paper "Analysis of the Tablet Economicum" (1766) was reprinted in "Physiocracy" edited by Dupont de Nemours in 1767. Each version consists of a basic table and several application tables. In his economic tables, Quesnay classified the class structure of France into three classes: the landlord class (priests, nobility, landowners), the productive class (tenant peasants), and the non-productive class (merchants and manufacturers). The landlord class rents land to the productive class and receives rent, which it uses to purchase food from the productive class and industrial products from the non-productive class. The productive class rents land from the landlord class, pays rent, produces agricultural products, supplies food to the landlord class and food and raw materials to the non-productive class, and purchases industrial products from the non-productive class. The non-productive class purchases food and raw materials from the productive class, produces industrial products, and supplies them to the landlord class and the productive class. The economic tables show, with lines, the process of circulation and distribution of products and money among these three classes. In this work, Quesnay considered that industrial production is equal to the sum of the living expenses and raw materials of merchants and industrialists, and therefore no surplus products are generated by their activities. He considered them to be an unproductive class, and called peasants the productive class, believing that only agriculture produces surplus products. He defined this surplus value as land rent. In this economic table, Quesnay clarified the theoretical basis for increasing national wealth through the development of agriculture and for tax reform, such as the imposition of a single tax on landlords. Later, Marx borrowed the idea of Quesnay's economic table to create the reproduction table, and W. Leontief further used these as references to complete a more realistic input-output table. Both Marx's reproduction table and Leontief's input-output table can be considered a type of economic table. [Koichi Hatanaka] "Studies on Quesnay's 'Tableau Economics'" by Shinzaburo Koshimura (1947, Toyo Keizai Shinposha) " "Studies on the Physiocracy and the 'Tableau Economics'" by Izumi Hishiyama (1962, Yushindo) [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの重農主義経済学者であり医者でもあったF・ケネーが、人体の血液循環を模してつくった経済循環表。経済表には各種の版があり、1758年に発表されたものを「原表」、V・R・M・ミラボーの『農業哲学』(1763)に掲載されたものを「略表」、ケネーの論文「経済表の分析」(1766)が1767年にデュポン・ド・ヌムール編『フィジオクラシー』に再録された際に付加されたものを「範式」という。それぞれ基礎表と数種の応用表からなる。 ケネーは経済表のなかで、フランスの階級構成を、地主階級(僧侶(そうりょ)、貴族、土地所有者)、生産階級(借地農民)、不生産階級(商工業者)の3階級に分類した。地主階級は生産階級に土地を貸して地代を受け取り、それで生産階級から食料を、不生産階級から工業生産物を購入する。生産階級は地主階級から土地を借りて地代を払い、農産物を生産して、地主階級に食料を、不生産階級に食料と原材料を供給し、不生産階級から工業生産物を購入する。不生産階級は生産階級から食料と原材料を購入し、工業生産物を生産して地主階級と生産階級に供給する。経済表は、このような三つの階級間における生産物と貨幣の流通と分配の過程を線で示したものである。ここでケネーは、工業生産物は商工業者の生活費と原材料の合計に等しいので、商工業者の活動によっては剰余生産物は生まれないとして、彼らを不生産階級とみなし、農業だけが剰余生産物を生み出すと考え、農民を生産階級とよんだ。そしてその剰余価値を地代として規定した。ケネーはこの経済表で、農業の発展による国富の増進と、地主への単一税の賦課という税制改革との理論的根拠を明らかにしているのである。 のちに、マルクスはケネーの経済表の着想を借りて再生産表式を作成し、さらにW・レオンチェフはこれらを参考にして、より現実的な産業連関表を完成した。マルクスの再生産表式もレオンチェフの産業連関表も一種の経済表といえよう。 [畑中康一] 『越村信三郎著『ケネー「経済表」研究』(1947・東洋経済新報社)』▽『菱山泉著『重農学説と「経済表」の研究』(1962・有信堂)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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