Pierre Abélard

Japanese: アベラール - あべらーる(英語表記)Pierre Abélard
Pierre Abélard

A medieval French philosopher and theologian. His Latin name was Petrus Abaelardus. He was born in Le Palais near Nantes. After studying under Roscellinus, who was considered a phonologist, he studied under Guillaume de Champeaux (c. 1070-1121) in Paris, but criticized his realist ideas about universals and opened his own school to teach dialectics (logic). He then studied theology, but criticized his teacher Anselme de Laon (c. 1050-1117), and began teaching theology as well. However, his love affair and marriage to one of his students, Héloïse (1101-1164), ended tragically, and his talents gained him many enemies. He suffered numerous persecutions, including the burning of his theological works, including one on the Trinity, at a public council, and spent the latter half of his life as a wandering monk.

His contributions to medieval logic were great. In the debate on universals, he was the founder of the nominalist school in the original sense. He continued the previous position that "language vox as sound is universal," and argued that "man" is a name (common noun) with a common sound given to many individual things, and that it is universal in that it is said about multiple things that "are human." In other words, there is no universal that corresponds to "man" in reality, but many individual things only agree in "being human." However, he realized the shortcomings of this position, and in order to overcome it, he focused on how spoken language constitutes the function of understanding (conceptual action) related to individual things in the listener, and eventually came to attribute the character of universality not to mere sound vox, but to words (sermo) or names (nomen) that perform significatio. Words are nothing other than universals.

Regarding ethics, he advocated locating the standard of right and wrong in the intent or consensus as the subject's choice or decision, rather than in the resulting action.

In theology, he compiled "Yes and No" ( Sic et non) , which divided seemingly incompatible propositions from the Bible and the Church Fathers into affirmative and negative opinions. This method of inviting people to intellectual inquiry influenced scholastic theology thereafter.

[Tetsuro Shimizu January 20, 2015]

[References] | Abelard and Heloise: Letters of Love and Monasticism | Universalism | Nominalism | Roscellinus

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス中世の哲学者、神学者。ラテン名ペトルス・アベラルドゥスPetrus Abaelardus。ナント近傍ル・パレに生まれる。音声言語論者と目されるロスケリヌス等に学んだ後、パリでシャンポーのギヨームGuillaume de Champeaux(1070ころ―1121)に師事するが、その普遍に関する実在論的考えを批判し、自ら学校を開いて弁証学(論理学)を教えた。ついで神学を学ぶが、師ランのアンセルムスAnselme de Laon(1050ころ―1117)を批判し、神学をも教え始めた。だが、生徒の一人エロイーズHéloïse(1101―1164)との恋愛と結婚は悲劇的な結末を迎え、またその才能の発露は多くの敵対者を生むことになり、三位一体論(さんみいったいろん)を含む神学的著作が公会議において焼かれるなど、幾多の迫害を受け、その後半生は流浪の修道生活であった。

 中世の論理学における彼の業績は大きい。普遍論争において、彼は元来の意味における唯名論派の祖である。彼は「音声としての言語voxが普遍だ」との先行する立場を継いで、「人間」は多くの個物につけられた共通の音声である名称(普通名詞)であり、それは複数のものについて「人間である」と述べられることにおいて普遍であるとした。いいかえれば、実在の内には「人間」に対応する普遍はなく、ただ多くの個物が「人間であること」において一致しているのである。しかし、彼はこの立場の欠点に気づき、これを克服すべく音声言語が聞き手の内に個物にかかわる理解の働き(概念作用)を構成することに注目し、やがて普遍という性格を単なる音声voxにではなく、意味作用significatioを行うものとしてのことばsermoないし名称nomenに帰するに至った。ことばこそが普遍にほかならない。

 倫理学に関して彼は、結果としての行為にではなく、意図intentioないし主体の選択・決断としての同意consensusに善悪の基準を求めることを提唱した。

 神学としては、聖書と教父たちの外見上両立しない諸命題を肯定と否定の意見とに分けて編集した『然(しか)りと否』Sic et nonがある。人を知的探究へ誘うこの方法は、以後スコラ神学に影響を与えた。

[清水哲郎 2015年1月20日]

[参照項目] | アベラールとエロイーズ―愛と修道の手紙 | 普遍論争 | 唯名論 | ロスケリヌス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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