In the narrow sense, it refers to food and drink offered to the gods in Japanese Shinto festivals, but more broadly, it refers to food, drink, and other items offered to supernatural beings during rituals. It is based on the belief that supernatural beings exist to which offerings can be made, and that offerings can be used to communicate with them. A similar word is "kugi" (sacrifice), but while the ritual meaning of "kugi" is focused on harming or taking the life of the animal offered as a sacrifice, the word "kugi" does not necessarily refer only to items that include this sacrificial meaning, but rather includes a wide range of general items. For example, on the Obon festival of the Han people in Taiwan, each household makes offerings to appease the spirits (lonely souls) of those who had no relatives, died young, or died of abnormal circumstances. These offerings include ritual items such as candles, incense, and gold paper, food and drink such as chicken or pork, rice, fruit, and alcohol, as well as everyday items such as hand mirrors and scissors, and even washbasins and hand towels. When the entire ritual is performed as an appeal to supernatural beings, it is not necessarily possible to distinguish the offerings from the general ritual items, but at least it is considered to be characteristic in that they are offered to the object and consumed or dismantled during or after the ritual. In the case of food and drink, they are generally consumed by the participants of the ritual. In Japanese Shinto rituals, this consumption is called naorai and has importance as a meal between the gods and the people. In China, especially in the southern part of China, in the large-scale ancestor worship of clans, it was customary to distribute the meat of the pig offered as an offering equally among the clan members. In this way, the consumption of offerings during rituals also has the character of a socially recognized opportunity for gluttony. In particular, in societies where protein resources are scarce, the consumption of meat from livestock and wild animals during sacrifices is important for nutritional intake. For example, the people of the New Guinea highlands usually rely on starchy foods such as potatoes, but consume large amounts of domestic pigs during rituals. For them, rituals are almost the only occasions to consume pigs. In many societies, rituals are held periodically, so the consumption of food as offerings is often thought to be one mechanism for maintaining the balance between food resources and humans. Furthermore, the contents of the offerings often constitute an important element of the formality of the ritual, and therefore foods and cooking methods from ancient times tend to be preserved in the offerings. [Masahisa Segawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
狭義には日本の神祭において神に供える飲食物をさすが、より広くは儀礼に際し、超自然的存在に対して供えられる飲食物その他の物品一般をいう。供物を捧(ささ)げる対象としての超自然的存在が存在し、供物を捧げることによって彼らとコミュニケーションをとることができるという信仰に基づいている。類似することばに供犠(くぎ)があるが、供犠は犠牲として捧げられる動物を傷つけ、あるいはその生命を奪うことに儀礼的な意味が集中するのに対し、供物の場合、かならずしもこうした犠牲の意味を含むもののみでなく、広く一般的な物品を包括する。たとえば台湾漢人の中元節では、身寄りがなかったり、若死に、異常死した者の霊(孤魂(ここん))に対し各戸が供物を供えて鎮魂するが、その供物のなかには、ろうそく、線香、金紙などの祭祀(さいし)用品、トリやブタの肉、御飯、果物、酒などの飲食物のほか、手鏡、鋏(はさみ)などの日用品や洗面用のたらいと手拭(てぬぐい)までが含まれる。 儀礼全体が超自然的存在に対しての働きかけとして行われる場合、祭祀用品一般からとくに供物のみを区別することはかならずしも可能ではないが、少なくともそれは対象に対して捧げられたものとして、儀礼中、ないしは儀礼後の消費、解体を伴うところに特色があると考えられよう。飲食物の場合、一般には儀礼の参加者によって消費される。日本の神祭ではこの消費は直会(なおらい)と称され、神と人々との会食として重要性をもった。中国、とくに中国南部の大規模な宗族の祖先祭祀においても、供物として捧げられたブタの肉は、一族の者たちに均等に分配される習わしであった。このようにして、儀礼に伴う供物の消費は、社会的に公認された飽食の機会としての性格ももっている。とくにタンパク資源の希少な社会において、供犠に伴う家畜や野生動物の肉の消費は、栄養摂取上重要な意味をもっている。たとえばニューギニア高地人は、普段はいも類などのデンプン質の食事に頼っているが、儀礼のときに家畜のブタを多量に消費する。彼らにとって儀礼は、ブタを消費するほとんど唯一の機会である。儀礼は多くの社会において一定周期のもとに行われるから、供物としての食料の消費が、食料資源と人間との間のバランスを保つ一つのメカニズムとなっているように考えられる場合も少なくない。なお、供物の内容は儀礼のもつ形式性の重要な一要素を構成していることも多く、それゆえ古い時代の食物や調理法が供物のなかに保存されている傾向がある。 [瀬川昌久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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