Kumifu - Kumifu

From the establishment of industrial capitalism in Japan until the prohibition of labor supply businesses by the enactment of the Employment Security Law (1947) after the Second World War, the labor supply system seen in mining, construction, steel, shipbuilding, and transportation industries was the kumihu system, where kumihu were workers procured by labor supply contractors (kumigashira). The kumihu system in mines was called the barn system or the boarding house system. Mine kumihu engaged in mining work, but in factories they engaged in indirect work such as packing, transportation, and odd jobs. The kumihu received a commission for each kumihu he introduced to the parent company, and also exploited the wages of the kumihu workers. After the Enforcement Regulations of the Employment Security Law were revised in 1952 (Showa 27), and the restrictions on labor supply businesses were relaxed, the kumihu system was succeeded by the outside worker system. According to the research of economist Takeshi Fujimoto, the kumihu system existed not only in Japan, but also in China, India, and the United Kingdom.

[Goga Kazumichi]

"Hokkaido Prefectural Institute of Science of Labor, ed., Temporary Workers, Part 2 (1956, Nippon Hyoron Shinsha)" ▽ "Fujimoto Takeshi, Study of the Group Leader System (1984, Institute of Science of Labor)" ▽ "Sumiya Mikio Collected Works, Volume 1, History of Wage Labor in Japan (2003, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日本の産業資本主義の確立過程から、第二次世界大戦後、職業安定法の制定（1947）により労働者供給事業が禁止されるまで、鉱山、建設業、鉄鋼業、造船業、運送業などでみられた労働者供給制度が組夫制であり、組夫とは労働者供給を請け負う業者（組頭(くみがしら)）が調達してきた作業員をいう。鉱山における組夫制は納屋制度または飯場制度とよばれた。鉱山の組夫は採掘作業に従事したが、工場では間接部門の荷造りや運搬作業、雑役作業に従事した。組頭は、組夫を親企業に紹介するごとに口銭(こうせん)を受け取り、また組夫の賃金から中間搾取も行った。1952年（昭和27）に職業安定法施行規則が改正され、労働者供給事業の規制が緩和されて以降、組夫制は社外工制度に引き継がれた。なお、経済学者藤本武の研究によれば、組夫制は日本だけでなく、中国、インド、イギリスなどにも存在した。

［伍賀一道］

『北海道立労働科学研究所編『臨時工　後編』（1956・日本評論新社）』▽『藤本武著『組頭制度の研究』（1984・労働科学研究所）』▽『『隅谷三喜男著作集　第1巻　日本賃労働史』（2003・岩波書店）』

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