Pan-Islamic and anti-imperialist thinker. Born in Iran, he was educated as a Shiite, but called himself Afghan out of concern for his influence in the Sunni world. After spending 1857-1858 in India, he spent time in Afghanistan, but became embroiled in political strife. In 1871, he fled to Istanbul, where he gave many lectures. However, his ideas drew the ire of the ulama (jurers), and he moved to Cairo in the same year. There, he taught philosophy and theology to young people who would later become Egyptian national leaders, such as Muhammad Abduh and Sa'd Zaghlūl (1857-1927), and at the same time led them to demand constitutionalism and anti-British nationalism, influencing the Arabi Rebellion (1882). However, in 1879, he was exiled to India at the instigation of the British, where he attacked Ahmad Khan's pro-British ideas. After the Arabi Revolt, he traveled around Europe, and in Paris he debated with Renan, who rejected the rationalist spirit of Islam, and together with his disciple from his time in Egypt, Muhammad Abduh, he founded the magazine Kizuna (The Firm Bond) (1884), in which he advocated for anti-colonialism and pan-Islam. He was invited by the Shah of Iran, Nāir al-Dīn Shāh (reigned 1848-1896), twice, in 1886 and 1889, to participate in Iran's modernization policy, but was exiled in 1890 due to intrigues within the court. After his exile, he fiercely attacked Iranian autocracy, and influenced the tobacco boycott movement and constitutionalism movement in Iran. In 1892, Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire invited him to take advantage of his pan-Islamism, but his free-thinking ideas were incompatible with the Sultan's despotism, and he was isolated within the palace and died in virtual confinement. Although he did not leave behind any substantial writings, his strong sense of crisis against Western colonialism, the need for unity in the Islamic world, ideas of liberal political reform, admiration for the Islamic Golden Age, rational Islamic theology, and attempts to reconstruct philosophy influenced many future generations of Islamic modernists through his charismatic personality. [Masataka Takeshita April 18, 2018] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
汎(はん)イスラム、反帝国主義思想家。イランに生まれ、シーア派の教育を受けたが、スンニー派世界での影響を考えて、アフガン人と自称した。1857~1858年のインド滞在後、アフガニスタンで過ごしたが、政争に巻き込まれ、1871年イスタンブールに逃れ、そこで多くの講演を行った。しかし彼の思想はウラマー(法学者)の反感を招き、同年カイロに移った。そこで、ムハンマド・アブドゥーやサード・ザグルールSa‘d Zaghlūl(1857―1927)など、のちのエジプトの民族的指導者となる若者たちに哲学や神学を教えると同時に、立憲制要求や反英ナショナリズム思想へと導き、アラービーの反乱(1882)に影響を与えることとなった。しかし、1879年にはイギリスの教唆によりインドに追放され、インドではアフマド・ハーンの親英思想を攻撃した。アラービーの反乱後、ヨーロッパ諸国を遍歴、パリでは、イスラムの合理主義精神を否定するルナンと論争を行ったり、エジプト時代の弟子ムハンマド・アブドゥーとともに雑誌『固き絆(きずな)』を創刊(1884)し、反植民地主義、汎イスラムの論陣を張ったりした。1886年、1889年の2回、イランの国王ナーシル・アッディーン・シャーNāir al-Dīn Shāh(在位1848~1896)に招かれ、イランの近代化政策に参与したが、宮廷内の陰謀のため1890年に追放された。追放後、イラン専制政治を激しく攻撃し、イランにおけるタバコ・ボイコット運動、立憲主義運動に影響を与えた。1892年、オスマン帝国のアブデュル・ハミト2世は、その汎イスラム主義を利用するために彼を招待したが、彼の自由思想はスルタンの専制主義とは相いれず、宮廷内で孤立し、事実上の幽閉の状態で死亡した。まとまった著作は残さなかったが、西欧植民地主義に対する強い危機意識と、イスラム世界の一致団結の必要性、自由主義的政治改革の思想、イスラム黄金時代への憧憬(しょうけい)、合理主義的イスラム神学、哲学の再建の試みなどは、彼のカリスマ的人格を通して、多くの次代のイスラム近代主義者に影響を与えた。 [竹下政孝 2018年4月18日] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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