Kiel (English spelling)

Japanese: キール（英語表記）Kiel

The capital of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany. An important port city at the Baltic Sea entrance of the North Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (Kiel Canal). Founded in the early 10th century at the head of the Kiel Fjord in the western Baltic Sea. In 1284, it joined the Hanseatic League and developed as a commercial port. From 1721 to 1773, it was the capital of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, and later became part of Denmark. In 1866, it was incorporated into Prussia, and in 1871, it became a military port and has developed rapidly ever since. During the First and Second World Wars, it became the largest military port of the German Navy. As a result, more than one-third of the city was destroyed by bombing, but after the war, it was rebuilt as a city of administration, academia, culture, and a commercial port. Industries include shipbuilding, machinery, seafood processing, and printing, and trade in coal, lumber, oil, and machinery is thriving. The old town center is St. Nicholas Cathedral (built around 1240) and the square in front of it, but now the town hall, city theater, and Kiel University are located near the Little Lake Park. The city center was renovated after the war, and a promenade was built along the coast, giving the city a completely new look. Every June, "Kiel Week" is held, where an international yacht race and a cultural festival are held. Population: 238,281 (2010).

keel
Keill, John

Born: December 1, 1671, Edinburgh
[Died] August 31, 1721. British physicist and mathematician from Oxford. He studied under David Gregory at the University of Edinburgh, and then moved to Oxford with his teacher. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1700, and became professor of astronomy at Oxford in 1712. He was one of the first to accept Isaac Newton's physics, and contributed to its early development and dissemination. In 1708, he applied Newton's concept of universal gravitation to minute particles of matter, and developed a theory of the action of matter. His main work, Introductiones ad veram Physicam et veram Astronomiam (1701), was used as an excellent textbook based on Newtonian theory until the end of the 18th century. The Dutch version of the book was brought to Japan during the country's isolation, and the interpreter Shizuki Tadao attempted to translate it, writing Rekisho Shinsho.

keel
keel

The keel of a ship. A part that runs through the bottom of the ship from bow to stern along the centerline of the hull. It shares the ship's longitudinal strength and is comparable to the spine of the human body. There are various types of keels, including flat keels, square keels, and box keels. The most commonly used flat keel is made of steel plate thicker than the bottom shell plate, and is combined with a centerline girder and a centerline inner bottom plate to form a girder (vertical beam). It is used on large ships and provides sufficient longitudinal strength. A box keel is a keel in which the centerline girder is divided into two pieces, one on the left and one on the right, with a box-shaped tube passage in the middle. A square keel is made of forged steel or thick steel plate, has a rectangular cross section, and protrudes from the bottom of the ship to increase the draft. It is used on small ships because it is simple in structure, sturdy, and reduces rolling.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ドイツ北部，シュレースウィヒホルシュタイン州の州都。北海＝バルト海運河 (キール運河) のバルト海側の入口にあたる重要港湾都市。バルト海西部のキール・フィヨルドの湾奥に 10世紀初め成立。 1284年ハンザ同盟に加わり，商港として発展。 1721～73年ホルシュタインゴットルプ公領の首都，以後デンマーク領，1866年プロシア領に編入され，71年軍港となって以来急速に発展。第1次および第2次世界大戦中は，ドイツ海軍最大の軍港となった。そのため爆撃により市街の3分の1以上を焼失したが，戦後は行政，学問，文化の町，商港として復興。工業には造船，機械，水産加工，印刷などがあり，石炭，木材，石油，機械の取引が盛ん。聖ニコラス聖堂 (1240頃建設) とその前の広場が旧市の中心であるが，いまは小キール湖公園近くに市庁舎や市立劇場，キール大学が集り，戦後の中心街が整備され，海岸沿いに遊歩道が設けられるなど，市街は面目を一新している。毎年6月の「キール週間」には，国際的なヨットレースや文化祭が行われる。人口 23万8281（2010）。

キール
Keill, John

[生]1671.12.1. エディンバラ
[没]1721.8.31. オックスフォード
イギリスの物理学者，数学者。エディンバラ大学でデービッド・グレゴリーのもとに学び，その後，師とともにオックスフォードに移る。1700年にロイヤル・ソサエティ会員となり，1712年にオックスフォード大学天文学教授。アイザック・ニュートンの物理学をいちはやく受容し，その初期の発展・普及に貢献した。1708年にはニュートンの万有引力の概念を物質微粒子に応用し，物質作用の理論を展開。主著『自然学入門（真の物理学および真の天文学に対する入門書）』Introductiones ad veram Physicam et veram Astronomiam（1701）は，ニュートン理論に立つ優れた教科書として，18世紀末まで用いられた。また同書のオランダ語版は，鎖国下の日本に持ち込まれ，通詞だった志筑忠雄が訳述を試み，『暦象新書』を著した。

キール
keel

船の竜骨。船体の中心線に沿って船底を船首から船尾まで貫通する部材。船体縦強度を分担し，人体の背骨に相当する。平板キール，方形キール，箱形キールなどの種類がある。最も多く用いられる平板キールは，船底外板より厚い鋼板で，中心線桁板，中心線内底板と組合わさってガーダ (縦桁) を形づくる。大型船に使われて，十分な縦強度を発揮する。この中心線桁板を左右2枚に分け，中央を箱形の管通路としたものを箱形キールという。また方形キールは鍛鋼材または厚鋼板で造り，断面が長方形の棒状で，船底に突出して喫水を増す。構造が簡単で堅固，横揺れを軽減させるので小型船に用いられる。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

<<: Gill, Sir David

>>: Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd. - Kirin Beer