Instrumental music (English: instrumental music)

Japanese: 器楽 - きがく(英語表記)instrumental music
Instrumental music (English: instrumental music)

The opposite of vocal music, it is a general term for music performed only with instruments. It is broadly divided into solo and ensemble based on the performance style, but ensembles in which each performer is on an equal footing are often called ossues. Orchestral music is an ensemble of many people using many different instruments. Instrumental music not only forms independent pieces of music, but is often used as overtures or interludes in large-scale vocal music such as operas and oratorios.

This classification of instrumental and vocal music is closely linked to Western music, especially since the 17th century. In Medieval and Renaissance music, there was no clear distinction between instrumental and vocal music, and the same piece was performed as both instrumental and vocal music. Finally, from the 16th century, many solo pieces for keyboard instruments and lutes, as well as ensembles combining various instruments, appeared. Many of these instrumental pieces were created by stylizing polyphonic vocal music and dance music, but preludes and toccatas were also created as purely instrumental pieces due to the need for tuning. In the Baroque period (1600-1750), instrumental and vocal music came to have equal importance, and unique instrumental styles that made use of the characteristics of instruments developed while influencing vocal styles. Furthermore, from the Classical period onwards, instrumental music generally became dominant over vocal music, which is closely related to the improvement and maintenance of instruments due to the development of science and technology. In addition, instrumental music, which is not restricted by words, is suitable for abstract and universal expression, and during the Classical period the sonata, which is standardly composed of three to four movements, was established as the ideal form.

Music from outside of Western Europe is often divided into instrumental and vocal music for the sake of convenience. For example, even in Japanese music, where vocal music is predominant, gagaku is an example of an orchestra, and shakuhachi honkyoku (main piece for the shakuhachi) and danmono (pieces for the koto) are solo instrumental pieces that demonstrate a high level of artistry.

[Mariko Teramoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

声楽の対語で、楽器のみで演奏される音楽の総称。演奏形態から独奏と合奏とに大別されるが、各演奏者が対等な合奏は重奏とよばれることが多い。また管弦楽は多種類の楽器を用いた多人数による合奏である。器楽は独立した楽曲を形成するだけではなく、オペラやオラトリオなどの大規模な声楽曲において、序曲や間奏曲として用いられることも少なくない。

 この器楽と声楽という分類概念は、とくに17世紀以降の西欧音楽と密接に結び付いている。すなわち中世、ルネサンス音楽では、器楽と声楽との間に明確な区別は存在せず、同じ作品が器楽としても声楽としても演奏されたのである。ようやく16世紀から、鍵盤(けんばん)楽器やリュートなどのための独奏曲や各種の楽器の組合せによる重奏曲が多数現れた。このような器楽曲の多くは、多声声楽曲の編曲や舞踊音楽の様式化によって成立したものであるが、さらに前奏曲やトッカータが調弦の必要性などから純然たる器楽曲として発生した。バロック時代(1600~1750)には器楽と声楽が同等の重要性をもつようになり、楽器の特性を生かした独自の器楽様式が声楽様式と互いに影響を与えつつ発展した。さらに古典派以降には器楽は声楽よりも概して優位になるが、それは科学技術の発展による楽器の整備改良と密接に関連している。また、ことばに制約されない器楽は抽象的で普遍的な表現に適しており、古典派の時代には3~4楽章構成を標準とするソナタが理想的形式として確立された。

 西欧以外の音楽に関しても、しばしば便宜的に器楽と声楽とに分類する方法がとられることが少なくない。たとえば、おおむね声楽が優位にたつ日本音楽でも、雅楽はオーケストラの一例であり、尺八本曲(ほんきょく)や箏曲(そうきょく)の段物は高度の芸術性を示す独奏器楽曲である。

[寺本まり子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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