Paradox - Gyakuri (English spelling) Paradox
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When a proposition and its negation are both asserted to be true with logically correct reasoning and evidence, and no clear contradiction can be found in either of the reasoning or evidence, the propositions are called antinomies or paradoxes. They are also called inversions or contradictions. Paradoxes are broadly divided into two types. The first type is called a logical paradox, which is a paradox that arises even when strict care is taken to ensure that the words used are expressed logically and unambiguously. The second type is a metalogical paradox, which arises when the necessary care is not taken with regard to expression. Some famous paradoxes in mathematics are Zeno's paradoxes (→ Zeno's paradoxes), Cesare Burari-Forti's paradox, Bertrand Russell's paradox, and Jules Richard's paradox. (→ Paradoxes) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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ある命題とその否定命題が，いずれも論理的に正しい推論や論拠をもって，真であると主張され，そのどちらの推論や論拠に対しても，矛盾が明確に指摘できないとき，これらの命題を二律背反または逆理という。逆説，背理などともいわれる。逆理には，大別して二つある。第1は，論理的逆理といわれるもので，これは用いられることばを論理的に確実に，しかも一義的に表現するよう厳密な注意をはらった場合にも生じる逆理のことである。第2は，メタ論理的逆理であって，表現について必要な注意を厳重に守らないことから生じるものである。数学上有名な逆理に次のようなものがある。ゼノンの逆理（→ゼノンのパラドックス），チェザーレ・ブラリ・フォルティの逆理，バートランド・ラッセルの逆理，ジュール・リシャールの逆理。（→パラドックス）
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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