A general term for secretions from the mucous membranes of the respiratory system, commonly known as the airways, i.e. the oral cavity, nasal cavity, laryngopharyngeal cavity, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, etc., which are usually coughed out of the body and called sputum. Sputum often contains bacteria, dust, various cells, etc., and reflects lesions in the airways or lungs, so sputum testing is essential in cases of respiratory diseases. Depending on its properties, it is classified as serous, mucous, purulent, foamy, etc. Mucous secretions not only increase the viscosity (stickiness) of the secretions, but are also related to symptoms of airway obstruction and cause the so-called difficulty in coughing up sputum. Yellow purulent sputum indicates a bacterial infection, and in lung abscess, it emits a foul odor due to infection with putrefactive bacteria. When conducting bacterial tests on sputum, even if mixing with saliva and other fluids is avoided as much as possible, it can be difficult to confirm the pathogenicity due to contamination with bacteria normally present in the oral cavity. However, if a large number of the same bacteria are repeatedly detected, this is not only useful for diagnosis, but also makes it possible to test the sensitivity and resistance of the bacteria to chemotherapy drugs, which is useful for treatment. In the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, it is important to detect tuberculosis bacteria in sputum, and microscopic examination and culture examination are performed using smears, stained specimens, and so on. The degree of detection of tuberculosis bacteria in smeared stained specimens is expressed by Gaffky's classification. When tuberculosis bacteria are found in a patient's sputum, it is called open tuberculosis, and since it can cause the spread of tuberculosis, it is important from a social and public health perspective. In addition to testing for bacteria, fungi, parasite eggs, viruses, etc. in sputum, testing for various types of cells contained in sputum is called cytology, and is an important field of clinical laboratory science. If there is a significant exudation of neutrophils among white blood cells in the cells, it is evidence of a suppurative disease, if there is a significant exudation of eosinophils, it is evidence of an allergic disease, and if there are phagocytes containing hemosiderin, it is evidence of pulmonary congestion. In particular, the detection of cancer cells in sputum for screening for lung cancer is a representative example of cytology that is widely performed today. [Yutaka Watanabe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に気道とよばれる呼吸器系、すなわち口腔(こうくう)、鼻腔、咽喉頭(いんこうとう)腔、気管、気管支、肺胞などの粘膜からの分泌物の総称で、通常、咳(せき)などにより体外に喀出され、痰とよばれる。喀痰には、細菌、塵埃(じんあい)、種々の細胞などが混入されていることが多く、気道あるいは肺の病変を反映するので、呼吸器疾患の場合、喀痰の検査は不可欠である。性状によって、漿液(しょうえき)性、粘液性、膿(のう)性、泡沫(ほうまつ)性などに分類される。粘液性のものは分泌物の粘稠(ねんちゅう)度(粘り気)の増加ばかりでなく、気道閉塞(へいそく)症状に関係して、痰のいわゆる切れにくさの原因となる。黄色膿性のものは細菌感染を示し、肺化膿症では腐敗菌の感染により悪臭を放つ。喀痰の細菌検査の際、できるだけ唾液(だえき)などの混在を避けても、口腔内に常在する細菌が混入するため病原性の確認は困難なこともあるが、大量の同一菌を再度にわたり検出すれば、診断上意味があるばかりでなく、その菌の化学療法薬剤の感受性、耐性を検査することが可能で、治療上も有意義である。 肺結核症の診断には、痰の結核菌の検出が重要で、塗抹(とまつ)、染色標本による顕微鏡的検査および培養検査が行われている。塗抹染色標本による結核菌の検出程度は、ガフキーGaffkyの分類によって表現される。患者の喀痰中に結核菌が認められる場合には開放性結核とよばれ、結核蔓延(まんえん)の原因となるため、社会的、公衆衛生学的に重視されている。喀痰中の細菌、真菌、寄生虫卵、ウイルスなどの検査のほか、痰の中に含まれる各種の細胞の検査も、細胞診とよばれ、臨床検査学の重要な分野である。細胞中に白血球のうち、好中球の滲出(しんしゅつ)が著明であれば化膿性疾患を、好酸球が著明であればアレルギー疾患の証明となり、血鉄素(ヘモジデリン)を含有した食細胞があれば肺うっ血を証明することとなる。とくに肺癌(がん)検索のために行われる喀痰中の癌細胞の検出は、今日広く行われている細胞診の代表的な例である。 [渡辺 裕] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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