This refers to the phenomenon in which the physical signal obtained from a compound should be single, but becomes multiple or shifts due to the influence of the electrons in the compound or adjacent functional groups. It was originally used to explain nuclear magnetic resonance signals. For example, in proton nuclear magnetic resonance, the magnetic moment of the proton H + is constant, so it is expected to always emit a signal of a constant frequency, but in ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the protons of the methyl group CH3- , the methylene group -CH2- , and the hydroxyl group -OH each have different resonance frequencies. This is because, although they are the same proton, they actually act on different magnetic fields due to the influence of adjacent functional groups. In the case of nuclear magnetic resonance, the chemical shift σ (sigma) is given as follows: σ=(ν standard – ν)/Ho In general, if the electron density around the nucleus of interest increases, the strength of the magnetic field that actually acts on it weakens, so the resonance frequency decreases and the chemical shift σ increases. Recently, it has become possible to identify materials by using the chemical shift of the photoelectron spectrum. [Takashi Shimozawa] ©Shogakukan "> Chemical shift (example of ethanol) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化合物から得られる物理的信号が本来単一であるべきなのに、化合物中の電子や隣接する官能基などの影響を受けて、複数になったり信号がずれたりする現象をいう。核磁気共鳴のシグナルの説明に用いられたのが始まりである。たとえば、プロトン核磁気共鳴では、プロトンH+の磁気モーメントは一定であるから、つねに一定の周波数の信号を出すことが予想されるが、エタノール(エチルアルコール)では、メチル基CH3-、メチレン基-CH2-、ヒドロキシ基-OHのそれぞれのプロトンが異なる共鳴周波数をもつ。これは、同じプロトンでありながら、隣接する官能基の影響で、実際に作用する磁場が異なるためである。核磁気共鳴の場合、化学シフトσ(シグマ)は次のように与える。 σ=(ν標準-ν)/Ho 一般に、注目している核の周りの電子密度が増せば、実際に作用する磁場の強さが弱まるので、共鳴周波数が低くなり、化学シフトσが大きくなる。最近では光電子スペクトルの化学シフトを利用して、物質の同定を行うことができる。 [下沢 隆] ©Shogakukan"> 化学シフト(エタノールの例) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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