A basic substance CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 N + (CH 3 ) 3 found widely in animals and plants, it is an acetate ester of choline. It is particularly important as a substance that transmits stimuli in the parasympathetic and motor nerves of vertebrates. In sympathetic nerves, noradrenaline acts as a similar transmitter. At the junction (synapse) of nerve cells, stimuli are transmitted directionally from the terminal of one nerve cell (presynaptic node) to the surface (postsynaptic membrane) of another nerve cell (or the target muscle cell for stimuli transmission). The substance that mediates this is acetylcholine. In other words, acetylcholine synthesized and stored in the presynaptic node is secreted outside the cell in response to a stimulus. The postsynaptic membrane contains acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase, the former of which converts the secreted acetylcholine into a new stimulus (for example, the influx of sodium ions in muscle cells and the accompanying release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes muscle contraction), and the latter of which hydrolyzes acetylcholine. This series of processes occurs instantaneously in a normal nervous system, and the extracellular acetylcholine disappears immediately, but in the presence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphates with similar chemical structures, such as poison gases and insecticides), acetylcholine remains secreted and accumulates, causing the animal to remain in an abnormally excited state, which ultimately leads to its death. This is why these organophosphates are neurotoxins. [Takayoshi Wakagi] "Receptors and Signaling" edited by Ui Rio (1986, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) " ▽ "Proteins 2: Structure and Function" edited by Katsube Yukiteru et al. (1988, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Neuro-Signal Transmission - Aiming for Understanding Brain Function at the Molecular Level" edited by Kasai Michio et al. (1988, Baifukan)" ▽ "Brain Receptors and Movement" edited by Nagatsu Toshiharu et al. (1990, Heibonsha)" ▽ "The Chemical Composition of the Brain" by Rudolf Neuwenfils, translated by Arai Yasumitsu et al. (1991, Springer-Verlag Tokyo)" ▽ "The Second Secret of Life - Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Cooperation and Allosteric Control" by Max Perutz, translated by Hayashi Toshihiko and Imamura Yasutada (1991, McGraw-Hill Publishing)" ▽ "The Brain from a Molecular Perspective" by Kawai Nobufumi (1994, Kodansha)" ▽ "Mechanisms of Neural Information Transmission" by David G. Nichols, translated by Hitoshi Aoshima (1997, Springer-Verlag Tokyo)" ▽ "Key Words: Heart Disease" edited by Toru Yamaguchi et al. (2001, Advanced Medicine Press) ▽ "The Miracle Drug Development Project" by Etsuo Umeda (Kodansha Plus Alpha Shinsho)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動植物に広くみいだされる塩基性物質CH3COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3で、コリンの酢酸エステルである。とくに脊椎(せきつい)動物の副交感神経や運動神経で、刺激を伝達する物質として重要である。交感神経ではノルアドレナリンが同様の伝達物質として作用する。神経細胞の接合部(シナプス)において、刺激は方向性をもって、一つの神経細胞末端(シナプス前節)から、他の神経細胞(または刺激伝達の標的となる筋肉細胞)の表面(シナプス後膜)へと伝達される。これを媒介する物質がアセチルコリンである。すなわち、シナプス前節で合成、貯蔵されていたアセチルコリンは、刺激によって細胞外へと分泌される。シナプス後膜にはアセチルコリン受容体とアセチルコリンエステラーゼがあり、前者は分泌されたアセチルコリンを新たな刺激へと変換(たとえば筋肉細胞におけるナトリウムイオンの流入と、これに伴うカルシウムイオンの筋小胞体からの放出によって、筋収縮がおこる)し、後者はアセチルコリンを加水分解する。これら一連の過程は、正常な神経系では瞬間的におこり、細胞外のアセチルコリンはただちに消失するが、アセチルコリンエステラーゼの阻害剤(化学構造の類似した毒ガスや殺虫剤などの有機リン剤)が存在すると、アセチルコリンは分泌されたまま蓄積して、異常な興奮状態が持続することとなり、動物を死に至らしめる。これらの有機リン剤が神経毒であるゆえんである。 [若木高善] 『宇井理生編『受容体と情報伝達』(1986・東京化学同人)』▽『勝部幸輝ほか編『タンパク質2 構造と機能編』(1988・東京化学同人)』▽『葛西道生ほか編『神経情報伝達――脳機能の分子レベルでの理解をめざして』(1988・培風館)』▽『永津俊治ほか編『脳のレセプターと運動』(1990・平凡社)』▽『ルドルフ・ニューヴェンフィス著、新井康允ほか訳『脳の化学組成』(1991・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』▽『マックス・ペルツ著、林利彦・今村保忠訳『生命の第二の秘密――タンパク質の協同現象とアロステリック制御の分子機構』(1991・マグロウヒル出版)』▽『川合述史著『分子から見た脳』(1994・講談社)』▽『ディビッド・G・ニコルス著、青島均訳『神経情報伝達のメカニズム』(1997・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』▽『山口徹ほか編『KEY WORD 心臓病』(2001・先端医学社)』▽『梅田悦生著『奇跡の新薬開発プロジェクト』(講談社プラスアルファ新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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