Indian National Congress - Indian National Congress

Japanese: インド国民会議派 - インドこくみんかいぎは（英語表記）Indian National Congress

An Indian political party that played the biggest role in the Indian independence movement. It originated from the first Indian National Congress, held in Bombay in 1885 by Indian intellectuals, with the help of British Allan Octavian Hume. Initially, the party's activities were moderate, but after the partition of Bengal (→Bengal Partition Act), it became more radical, and at its Calcutta convention in 1906, it adopted the slogans boycott (avoidance of British products), swadeshi (favoring domestic products), swaraj (self-governance), and national education. Britain promised India autonomy in return for cooperation with Britain in World War I, but did not keep its promise, and continued to oppress India with the Rowlatt Act, so the Congress Party, led by Mahatma Gandhi, promoted a new mass movement of non-violence and non-cooperation, including workers and farmers. At the Madras Congress in 1929, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party passed a resolution for "complete independence" and won a landslide victory in the first general election in 1937. During World War II, the party demanded an immediate end to British rule, and was outlawed in 1942, but was legalized when the war ended. After partition in 1947, the party continued to govern under Nehru's leadership, but after Nehru's death in 1966, when Indira Gandhi became prime minister, internal conflicts began to surface, and the party finally split in November 1969 over the policy of nationalizing banks. Indira's faction, which advocated reform policies such as nationalizing insurance and abolishing the privileges of former feudal lords, was called the Left wing of the Congress Party, and with the cooperation of the Right-wing Communist Party (→Communist Party of India), it overcame the political turmoil and won the general election in March 1971, pushing for further socialist policies. However, anti-Gandhi sentiment grew due to setbacks in industrial policy, and on June 26, 1975, he finally declared a state of emergency and implemented a coercive government. However, he suffered a major defeat in the general election of March 1977, and handed power over to the opposition for the first time since independence. Although the party returned to power in the general election of January 1980, Indira's political stance did not change, and her use of force against Sikhs in particular provoked strong opposition, leading to her assassination by Sikhs in October 1984. The Rajiv Gandhi government that was established in the general election of December 1984 was marked by its dogmatic politics lacking political ideology, and faced reports of corruption and public criticism, leading to its defeat in the general election of November 1989. The Congress Party regained power in the general election of June 1991, but Rajiv was assassinated during the election period. The new Narasimha Rao government pushed ahead with economic liberalization, but faced backlash due to the widening gap between rich and poor, and lost its position as the largest party to the Bharatiya Janata Party in the general election of 1996. In 2004, the government returned to power for the first time in about eight years under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

インドの政党。インド独立運動に際し最大の役割を果たした。 1885年イギリス人アラン・オクタビアン・ヒュームの斡旋によって開かれたインド人知識層を中心とするボンベイでの第1回国民会議が起源。当初活動は穏健であったが，ベンガル分割 (→ベンガル分割法 ) 以後急進化し，1906年カルカッタ大会ではボイコット (イギリス製品不買) ，スワデーシ (国産品愛用) ，スワラージ (自治) ，民族教育をスローガンとした。イギリスは第1次世界大戦での対英協力の見返りにインド側に自治権を与えることを約束したが守らず，さらにローラット法による弾圧を続けたため，国民会議派はマハトマ・ガンジーらを中心に労働者，農民を加えた非暴力，非協力の新しい大衆運動を進めた。 1929年のマドラス大会ではジャワハルラル・ネルーらを指導者として「完全独立」を決議し，1937年の第1回総選挙で大勝した。第2次世界大戦中はイギリス支配の即時終結を要求し，1942年非合法化されたが，戦争終結とともに合法化された。 1947年の分離独立後，ネルーの指導のもと一貫して政権を担当したが，ネルーの死後 1966年，インディラ・ガンジーが首相に就任した頃から党内対立が表面化，1969年 11月には銀行国有化政策をめぐってついに分裂した。保険国有化，旧藩主の特権廃止など革新政策をあらためて打ち出すインディラの派閥は国民会議派左派と呼ばれ，右派共産党 (→インド共産党 ) の協力で混迷した政局を乗り切り，1971年3月の総選挙で勝利を収め，さらなる社会主義化政策を推し進めた。しかし産業政策のつまずきなどから反ガンジー機運が高まり 1975年6月 26日ついに非常事態を宣言，強圧政治に踏み切ったが，1977年3月の総選挙で大敗し，独立以来初めて野党に政権を譲り渡した。 1980年1月の総選挙で再び与党に返り咲いたものの，インディラの政治姿勢は変わらず，とりわけシク教徒に対する武力制圧は強い反発を招き，1984年 10月シク教徒によりインディラは暗殺された。 1984年 12月の総選挙によって成立したラジブ・ガンジー政権は，政治理念を欠いた独断的政治が目立ったうえ，汚職報道と世論の批評に直面し，1989年 11月の総選挙で敗北。 1991年6月の総選挙で国民会議派は再び政権を獲得したが，選挙期間中ラジブも暗殺された。新しいナラシマ・ラオ政権は経済自由化を進めたものの貧富の差が拡大したことで反発を受け，1996年総選挙でインド人民党に第1党の座を奪われた。 2004年マンモハン・シン首相のもと約8年ぶりに政権を担当。

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