A general term for earthquakes that occur at or near volcanoes. There are three types: earthquakes whose properties are the same as regular earthquakes, low-frequency earthquakes, and volcanic tremors. Of these, regular earthquakes are called volcanic earthquakes if they are considered to be part of a volcanic phenomenon, but it is difficult to distinguish regular earthquakes of volcanic origin from regular earthquakes. Most volcanic earthquakes are small, with a magnitude of 5 or less, but there have been earthquakes in Hawaii with a magnitude of 7. The depth of the epicenter is generally shallow, at most 20 kilometers from the surface, but in Hawaii, some have reached 50 kilometers or more. Low-frequency earthquakes are characterized by lower-frequency vibrations than normal earthquakes, and are observed 15 to 20 kilometers underground at Mount Fuji, as well as occasionally at other volcanoes. They are thought to reflect magma activity directly beneath the volcano. In 2000, the number of low-frequency earthquakes increased significantly, but this was not linked to an eruption. Volcanic tremors are continuous shaking of the ground that often occurs when an eruption is approaching or during an eruption and are thought to reflect the movement of magma. Placing seismometers near volcanoes and observing the increase/decrease and distribution of small volcanic earthquakes is an important means of predicting volcanic eruptions. There are cases where observing volcanic earthquakes has been successful in predicting large eruptions. For example, at Mount Usu (Hokkaido), each of the seven known eruptions has always been preceded by a volcanic earthquake large enough to be felt by the body, and the eruption has occurred within a few days of the eruption. The eruption in March 2001 also saw a violent swarm of earthquakes, and local residents were evacuated before the eruption, successfully avoiding human casualties. However, the nature of earthquakes varies from volcano to volcano. In 2000, the number of volcanic earthquakes at Aizu Bandaisan (Fukushima Prefecture) increased sharply, exceeding 400 in one day, and low-frequency earthquakes and volcanic tremors also occurred, but in the end, no eruption occurred. An increase in volcanic earthquakes does not necessarily mean that an eruption will occur. [Hideki Shimamura] "Earthquakes in Hokkaido" by Hideki Shimamura and Takeo Moriya (1994, Hokkaido University Press) [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火山やその近くでおこる地震の総称。3種類があり、地震としての性質は一般の地震と変わらない地震と、低周波地震と、火山性微動とがある。このうち普通の地震でも火山現象の一部と考えられる場合には火山性地震とよばれるが、火山起源の普通の地震を一般の地震と区別することはむずかしい。 火山性地震の規模はマグニチュード5程度以下の小さいものが多いが、ハワイでは7クラスがおきたこともある。震源の深さは表面近くから深くても20キロメートルと一般には浅いが、ハワイでは50キロメートル以上に達するものがある。 低周波地震は普通の地震よりも低周波の振動が卓越しているもので、富士山の地下15~20キロメートルで観測されるほか、他の火山でもときに観測される。火山直下のマグマの活動を反映していると考えられている。2000年にはこの低周波地震がかなり増えたが、噴火には結び付かなかった。 火山性微動は地面が連続的に揺れ続けるもので、噴火が近づいたときや噴火中に発生することが多い。マグマの動きの反映と考えられている。 火山の近くに地震計を置き、小さい火山性地震の増減や分布を観測することは、火山の噴火予知の重要な手段である。火山性地震の観測によって大きな噴火の予知に成功した例がある。たとえば有珠山(うすざん)(北海道)では、過去7回知られている噴火の前には、かならず身体に感じる大きさの火山性地震があり、それから数日以内に噴火している。2001年(平成13)3月の噴火のときも激しい群発地震があり、地元の人々を噴火前に避難させて人的被害を回避することに成功した。 しかし個々の火山により地震の性質も異なり、会津磐梯山(ばんだいさん)(福島県)では2000年に火山性地震が急増して地震が一日400回を超え、低周波地震や火山性微動も発生したが、結局、噴火しなかった。火山性地震が増えたからかならず噴火するわけではない。 [島村英紀] 『島村英紀・森谷武男著『北海道の地震』(1994・北海道大学図書刊行会)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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