The most representative and important Buddha among the Buddhas in Mahayana Buddhism. He is also called Amida Tathagata (Nyorai) or simply "Amitabha". Pure Land Buddhism was established around the belief in this Buddha. The name Amida was originally expressed in two Sanskrit words in India, Amitāyus (one with infinite lifespan, meaning immeasurable life) and Amitābha (one with infinite light, meaning infinite light), but when it was introduced to China, both were transliterated as Amida. Therefore, Amida is not simply a transliteration of Amita (meaning immeasurable), but is thought to correspond to either of these two original names. In China and Japan, the free translation "Muryoju" is often used alongside Amida, but although this literally corresponds to Amitāyus, it has often been used as a translation of Amitabha. The sutras that have faith in Amida Buddha as their theme are the "Three Pure Land Sutras": the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, the Sutra of Contemplation of Immeasurable Life, and the Sutra of Amitabha. According to the Sutra of Immeasurable Life, in the distant past, when the King of the World appeared, Amida Buddha was a bodhisattva named Dharmakara Bhikkhu, who aspired to attain the supreme enlightenment, made 48 vows (24 vows, 36 vows, etc. in different versions) as his original vow (previous vow) to save all living beings, and practiced asceticism for an incredibly long period of time, five kalpas, until he finally achieved his vows and practiced, becoming a Buddha long ago, ten kalpas ago. This Buddha is called Amitabha Buddha, and is said to still be preaching in the Pure Land of Anraku (the Pure Land, or paradise; the original word was Sukhavati, meaning "a place of bliss"), a world ten thousand billion lands west of here. Amitabha Buddha and his Pure Land are also mentioned in many other Mahayana sutras, and their teachings have spread widely from India to all of Asia. In China and Japan in particular, the teaching of praying to be reborn in Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land and attain enlightenment by chanting the nembutsu is called the Pure Land School, or the teaching of other power, and has come to form a major lineage of Buddhism. The various sects, such as the Jodo sect, Jodo Shinshu sect (or Shinshu sect), Yuzu Nembutsu sect, and Ji sect, all belong to this lineage. [Hirotaka Fujita] "A Study of Primitive Pure Land Thought" by Hirotatsu Fujita (1970, Iwanami Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大乗仏教における諸仏のなかでもっとも代表的な重要な仏。阿弥陀如来(にょらい)ともいい、略して「弥陀」ともいう。この仏の信仰を中心として成立したのが浄土(じょうど)教である。阿弥陀という名は、もとインドにおいてはアミターユスAmitāyus(無限の寿命をもつ者。無量寿(むりょうじゅ))とアミターバAmitābha(無限の光明をもつ者。無量光)という二つのサンスクリット語で表されていたのであるが、それが中国に伝えられて、どちらも阿弥陀と音写された。したがって、阿弥陀は単にアミタAmita(無量の意)を音写したものではなく、この二つの原名のいずれにも相当すると考えられる。中国、日本では、この阿弥陀と相並んで無量寿という意訳語もよく用いられているが、これは字義どおりにはアミターユスに相当するけれども、実際にはアミターバの訳語として用いられたことも少なくない。 阿弥陀仏信仰を主題とする経典としては、『無量寿経』『観無量寿経』『阿弥陀経』の「浄土三部経」がある。『無量寿経』によると、久遠の昔、世自在王(せじざいおう)仏が出現されたとき、阿弥陀仏は、法蔵(ほうぞう)(ダルマーカラ)比丘(びく)という菩薩(ぼさつ)であったが、無上なる悟りを得ようと発心し、生きとし生ける者を救済するための本願(以前の誓願(せいがん))として四十八願(異本では二十四願、三十六願など)をたて、五劫(こう)という途方もなく長い間修行を重ね、ついにその誓願と修行を成就して、いまから十劫というはるか以前に仏となった。この仏は阿弥陀仏とよばれ、ここより西方の十万億仏土を過ぎた安楽(極楽(ごくらく)のこと。原語はスカーバティー、「楽のあるところ」の意)という世界(浄土)において、現在も教えを説いているという。このような阿弥陀仏とその浄土については、このほかにも多くの大乗経典に関説されており、その教えはインドからアジア全域に広く流布した。とくに中国、日本においては、念仏によって阿弥陀仏の浄土に往生して悟りを得ることを願う教えを浄土門と称し、また他力(たりき)の教えともよび、仏教の一大系統を形成するに至った。浄土宗、浄土真宗(または真宗)、融通(ゆうずう)念仏宗、時(じ)宗などの諸宗派はみなこの系統に属している。 [藤田宏達] 『藤田宏達著『原始浄土思想の研究』(1970・岩波書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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