The term refers to the advancement and colonization of the African continent by the modern European powers. The beginning of the so-called imperialist era in the 1870s, coupled with the development of science and technology and medical advances, attracted great interest from the great powers in Africa as a new source of raw materials and a market for goods and labor. In the 25 years leading up to the end of the 19th century, almost all of the African continent was divided into colonies of the great powers, with the exception of Ethiopia in the east and Liberia in the west, which remained as independent countries. From around 1830, France's influence in Egypt, which was a Turkish province, grew stronger, and in 1859, construction of the Suez Canal was started by the Frenchman Ferdinand-Marie Lesseps and completed ten years later. However, in 1875, Britain acquired a large share of the canal, and taking advantage of a rebellion by the indigenous people, effectively took control of Egypt in 1882. Furthermore, South Africa, which had suddenly attracted attention due to the discovery of diamond and gold mines, was conquered by Britain after a three-year war with the Boers (→South African War), and in 1910 the Union of South Africa was established. Thus, Britain, which controlled the most important locations of Egypt and South Africa, planned a trans-African railway linking Cairo and Cape Town. France, which had lagged behind, also planned a trans-African railway, and in 1898 the two powers clashed, resulting in the Fashoda Incident. There were other clashes between the great powers, but the division was generally carried out through political negotiations between the disputing countries, as seen in the 1885 Treaty of the Congo Basin and the 1906 Anglo-French-Italian Agreement on the Partition of Northeast Africa. After unifying Germany in 1871, Germany began a colonial policy in the 1880s, acquiring territories in East Africa, Cameroon, Togoland, and other areas. Italy, which had also completed its national unification, repeatedly targeted Ethiopia, but its expeditionary force was defeated and failed, and it only managed to acquire Somaliland and Eritrea. Thus, once the division of Africa by the European powers was completed, the buffer valve of the race to acquire colonies was lost, and the open conflict between the imperialist countries gradually led to World War I. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
近代ヨーロッパ諸列強のアフリカ大陸に対する進出と植民地化をいう。1870年代のいわゆる帝国主義時代の幕開けは,科学技術の発達や医学の進歩と相まって,新たな原料供給地や商品・労働市場としてのアフリカに,列強の大きな関心を集めることとなった。19世紀末までのほぼ 25年間のうちに,東はエチオピア,西はリベリアが独立国として残ったほかは,アフリカ大陸のほとんどすべてが列強の植民地として分割された。トルコの属領であったエジプトには 1830年頃からフランスの影響力が強まり,1859年にはフランス人フェルディナン=マリー・レセプスによってスエズ運河が起工され,10年後に完成したが,イギリスが 1875年にその株の大部分を手に入れ,先住民の反乱に乗じて 1882年事実上エジプトを統治下に収めた。さらにイギリスは,ダイヤモンド鉱や金鉱の発見でにわかに注目されるようになった南アフリカを,ボーア人との 3年にわたる戦争(→南アフリカ戦争)ののち征服,1910年には南アフリカ連邦を発足させた。こうしてエジプト,南アフリカという最も枢要の地を押さえたイギリスがカイロとケープタウンを結ぶアフリカ縦断鉄道を計画,これに対しおくれをとったフランスがアフリカ横断鉄道を計画したため,1898年には両勢力が衝突してファショダ事件が起こった。ほかにも列強間の衝突があったが,1885年のコンゴ盆地条約,1906年の東北アフリカ分割に関する英仏伊協定などにみられたように,おおむね係争諸国間の政治的話し合いによって分割が進められた。ドイツは 1871年の国内統一ののち 1880年代に入って植民地政策に乗り出し,東アフリカ,カメルーン,トーゴランドなどを領有した。また,同じく国内統一を終えたイタリアは,しきりにエチオピアをねらったが,遠征軍が大敗して失敗,わずかにソマリランドとエリトリアを領有した。このようにしてヨーロッパ列強によるアフリカの分割が完了すると,植民地獲得競争という緩衝弁が失われ,帝国主義諸国間のむき出しの対立からしだいに第1次世界大戦へと進んでいった。
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