In a broad sense, it includes "accounting audits" conducted on private companies and other organizations, and refers to the activity of formally inspecting books and other accounting documents to confirm and report on the financial activities of the organization, but generally it refers to the audit of financial statements and the supervision of daily accounting by a national auditing agency. In a narrower sense, it can refer only to daily supervision and be distinguished from an audit of financial statements. Democratic control and supervision of finances are essential for the realization of democracy, but the government is subject to prior control in the form of budget approval by the Diet. It is also subject to ex post control in the form of review of financial statements, which is divided into two stages: review by the Board of Audit and review by the Diet. Review by the Board of Audit aims to examine and confirm the rationality and accuracy of financial statements from a legal perspective. This is the Board's most important power, and it judges the appropriateness of individual expenditures based on sufficient materials and on-site inspections. This audit of financial statements has the effect of confirming the final accounts of the nation's income and expenditure. In addition to auditing financial statements, the Board of Audit is also tasked with conducting regular audits to ensure their appropriateness and to take corrective action. This is the narrowest definition of an audit, and although it does serve as a preparation for auditing financial statements, it also has the character of general supervision of accounting and management independent of auditing. [Masatoshi Hayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義には、民間の企業やその他の団体に対して実施される「会計監査」も含み、帳簿やその他の会計書類などを正式に検査し、団体の財政活動の確認や報告をする活動をいうが、一般には国の会計検査機関による決算検査や日常的な会計の監督をさす。さらに狭義には、日常的監督のみをさし、決算検査とは区別することもある。 財政の民主的統制・監督は民主主義の実質化のために不可欠であるが、政府は、議会による予算の承認という形で事前の統制を受ける。さらに決算の審査という形で事後的な統制も受けることになるが、決算の審査は会計検査院による審査と国会による審査の2段階に分かれる。会計検査院による審査は、法的見地から決算の合理性と的確性を検査し確認しようとするものである。これは会計検査院のもっとも重要な権限であり、十分な資料と実地検査などを基礎に、個々の支出の当否を判断する。この決算検査により、国の収入・支出の決算を確認する効果が生ずる。 決算検査以外にも、会計検査院は常時検査を行い、その適正を期しかつ是正を図るという任務を与えられている。これがもっとも狭義の会計検査の意味であり、決算検査の準備にもなるが、それとは独立の会計経理の一般的監督という性格も有している。 [林 正寿] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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