Nikolay Konstantinovich Mihaylovskiy

A Russian Narodnik theorist. Born into a family of fallen nobles, he studied at a mining school. From the late 1860s, he was a central commentator in the magazine Miscellany of the Fatherland and had a great influence on the younger generation. In What is Progress? (1869), he criticized Spencer's theory of social organism, argued that the social division of labor is a step backward for real people, and established the central idea of ​​the Narodniks, anti-capitalism and communal socialism. This was later criticized by Lenin as subjective sociology, but his division of historical development into types and stages has not lost its academic originality even today. As the title of his main work, The Struggle for Individuality (1875-1876), indicates, he pursued the problem of individuality in socialism throughout his life. In that respect, he is considered to be a successor to Herzen. He described the feelings of the Narodniks as "repentant aristocrats" and maintained this position throughout his life without going into exile. His major works include The Cruel Talent (1882), a pathological analysis of Dostoevsky's literature, and The Hero and the Crowd (1882), which expounded on the responsibility of the "critically thinking individual."

[Masashi Watanabe]

"What is Progress?" (1994, Seibunsha), translated by Ikuo Ishikawa ; "The Controversy over Russian Capitalism" (1975, Minerva Shobo), translated by A. Walitski and Shizuo Hinanada et al.

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシアのナロードニキの理論家。没落貴族の家庭に生まれ、鉱山学校に学ぶ。1860年代末から『祖国雑記』誌の中心的論客として青年層に多大な影響を与えた。『進歩とは何か？』（1869）でスペンサーの社会有機体説を批判し、社会的分業が現実の人間にとっては退歩であると主張し、反資本主義、共同体社会主義というナロードニキの中心思想を基礎づけた。これはのちにレーニンによって主観的社会学として批判されるが、歴史発展の類型と段階という区分は、いまなお学問的独創性を失ってはいない。主著の標題『個性のための闘い』（1875～1876）が示すとおり、彼は社会主義における個性の問題を終生追究した。その点でゲルツェンの継承者と目される。ナロードニキの心情を「悔悟する貴族」と形容し、生涯亡命せずその立場を貫いた。主要論文には、ドストエフスキー文学を病理学的に分析した『残酷な才能』（1882）や、「批判的に思考する個人」の責務を説いた『英雄と群衆』（1882）がある。

［渡辺雅司］

『石川郁男訳『進歩とは何か』（1994・成文社）』▽『A・ヴァリツキ著、日南田静真他訳『ロシア資本主義論争』（1975・ミネルヴァ書房）』

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