A bound state in which an electron and its antiparticle, a positron, are bound by Coulomb attraction. It is formed when a positron slows down in a substance and is captured by the substance, replacing the proton in the nucleus of a hydrogen atom with a positron. Compared to a hydrogen atom, it is composed of two particles of the same mass and has half the equivalent mass, so the spread (Bohr radius) is twice as large, and the binding energy and energy level interval are half. After the binding energy reaches the lowest state of 6.8 electron volts (relative S-wave), light is emitted and pair annihilation occurs. The ground states of positronium include those in which the spins of the electron and positron are antiparallel and those in which they are parallel. The antiparallel spin state (parapositronium) decays into two photons with a lifetime of about 1/10 billionth of a second. The parallel spin state (orthopositronium) decays into three photons with a lifetime about 1000 times longer. Positronium is theoretically important as a system in which only electromagnetic interactions act. Positronium also reacts with substances, and the processes of formation and decomposition of positronium in substances and the emission of light upon annihilation reflect the properties of the substance, making it useful for investigating the properties of liquids and solids. [Ryozo Tamagaki and Tsuneo Uematsu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電子とその反粒子である陽電子(ポジトロン)がクーロン引力で結合した束縛状態。水素原子の原子核である陽子を陽電子で置き換えたもので、陽電子が物質中で減速して物質にとらえられたときに形成される。水素原子に比べると、同質量の二粒子から構成され換算質量が半分になるので、広がり(ボーア半径)は2倍、結合エネルギーおよびエネルギー準位間隔は半分となる。結合エネルギーが6.8電子ボルトの最低状態(相対S波)になってのち、光を放出して対(つい)消滅をする。ポジトロニウムの基底状態としては、電子と陽電子のスピンが反平行の状態と平行の状態のものがある。スピンが反平行の状態(パラポジトロニウム)は2個の光子に約100億分の1秒の寿命で崩壊する。スピンが平行な状態(オルトポジトロニウム)は、3個の光子に崩壊し、約1000倍長い寿命となる。ポジトロニウムは、電磁的相互作用のみが働く系として、理論的に重要さをもつ。また、ポジトロニウムは物質とも反応し、物質中でのポジトロニウムの形成と分解および対消滅時の光放出の諸過程は、物質の性質を反映するので、液体や固体の性質を調べるうえでも有用である。 [玉垣良三・植松恒夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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