A historical region and former province in central-eastern France. Currently, it is used as the administrative region name consisting of four departments: Yonne, Côte d'Or, Nièvre, and Saône-et-Loire. Its area is 31,582 square kilometers, and its population is 1,610,067 (1999). Its English name is Burgundy. Its German name is Burgund. Its main city is Dijon. Since ancient times, it has flourished as a transit point connecting Paris, Lorraine, and the Rhine region in the north of France with the Rhône River valley, the Mediterranean coast, and Italy in the south, and it is still a hub between the two regions through railways, highways, and river traffic centered on the Saône River. In the late 19th century, the population reached 1.7 million, but from the end of the 19th century, there was a significant outflow of population, and it continued to decline until several years after World War II. Since the 1950s, the population has increased as urbanization progressed, mainly in Dijon, but the population density is still low at 51 people per square kilometer. Although machinery and electrical engineering are also produced in Dijon, the main industry is agriculture. In addition to grain cultivation such as wheat, barley, and corn, and livestock farming, grape cultivation is also thriving, and Burgundy wine is known worldwide for its famous brands such as Chambertin and Pommard. [Yukihiko Otake] historyIn the Gallic period, before the Common Era, the Celts settled there, but they participated in the anti-Roman uprising of the Gallic leader Vercingetorix, and in 52 BC they succumbed to an attack by Caesar. After that, it came under Roman rule, but in the second half of the 5th century AD, Germanic Burgundians migrated there and founded the Kingdom of Burgundy. The name Burgundy comes from this. This first kingdom was destroyed by the Frankish Kingdom in 534, but the second and third kingdoms followed. From the 7th to the 9th century, it had a vast territory centered on the Rhône and Saône river basins, including Provence in the south, but when it split up in the second half of the 9th century, the western part of High Burgundy in the north became Burgundy Duché (the eastern part was the Comté, later the Franche-Comté), and this included the area known today as Burgundy. From 956, the duchy was ruled by descendants of Robert of the House of Capet, and cities such as Autun and Chalons developed along with Dijon. Clergy also migrated to the duchy to avoid the invasion of the Normans and Muslims, and Cluny Abbey became the base of the church renewal movement from the 11th century, and the Cistercian monastery was born in the 12th century. The duchy reached its peak when it was granted to Philippe le Hardy, the fourth son of King Jean le Bon, in 1363, and as the Grand Duchy of Western Europe, it surpassed the power of the king, but in 1477 it was annexed to the royal domain. From this point on, the title of Duke of Burgundy became an honorary one, and was only awarded to Louis de France, grandson of Louis XIV, and Louis, eldest brother of Louis XVI. However, the royal authority did not infringe on Burgundy's local originalism, and allowed the existence of the Parlement and the Chamber of Accounts in Dijon, and the holding of the Three Estates General. The monarchy established tax districts (generalités), and it was not until the 17th century that the prefects of the districts, or entendans, came to Burgundy. In the 18th century, Burgundy prospered, and the economic activities of the emerging bourgeoisie undermined the status of the robed aristocracy, and in the cultural sphere, the Faculty of Law was founded in 1722, followed by the Academy in 1740. The French Revolution (1789) caused Burgundy to split into the four departments mentioned above. With the development of the railway network in the 19th century, Burgundy once again flourished, stimulating new development, particularly in wine growing and livestock farming. [Yoshio Shigaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランス中東部の歴史的地方名、旧州名。現在はヨンヌ、コート・ドール、ニエーブル、ソーヌ・エ・ロアールの4県からなる行政地域名として用いられており、その面積は3万1582平方キロメートル、人口161万0067(1999)。英語名バーガンディBurgundy。ドイツ語名ブルグントBurgund。中心都市はディジョン。古来、フランス北部のパリ、ロレーヌ、ライン川沿岸地方と、南部のローヌ川渓谷、地中海沿岸、イタリア方面とを結ぶ中継地として栄え、現在も鉄道、高速道路、ソーヌ川中心の河川交通により両地域の結節点となっている。19世紀後半には人口170万に達したが、19世紀末から人口流出が著しく、第二次世界大戦後の数年間に至るまで減少し続けた。1950年代以降ディジョンを中心に都市化が進むにつれ人口は増えたが、いまなお人口密度は1平方キロメートル当り51人と低い。ディジョンを中心に、機械、電気などの工業も行われるが、主産業は農業である。小麦、大麦、トウモロコシなどの穀作、畜産のほか、ブドウ栽培が盛んで、ブルゴーニュ・ワインはシャンベルタン・ポマールなどの有名銘柄で世界中に知られている。 [大嶽幸彦] 歴史紀元前、ガリア時代にはケルト人が定住していたが、ガリアの指導者ウェルキンゲトリクスの反ローマ蜂起(ほうき)に加担し、紀元前52年カエサルの攻撃に屈した。その後ローマの支配を受けたが、紀元後5世紀後半ゲルマン系のブルグント人が移住し、ブルグント王国を建国した。ブルゴーニュの名はここに由来する。この第一次王国は534年フランク王国に滅ぼされたが、このあとも第二次、第三次の王国が続く。7世紀から9世紀まで、ローヌ川とソーヌ川の両流域を中心として南はプロバンスを含む広大な領域をもっていたが、9世紀後半の分裂を機に、北方の高ブルグント西部がブルゴーニュ・デュシェ(公領)となり(東部はコンテ=伯領、後のフランシュ・コンテ)、これが今日のブルゴーニュとよばれる地方を含むことになった。 956年からはカペー家のロベール一族の後裔(こうえい)によって支配され、ディジョンとともに、オータンやシャロンなどの都市も発展した。またノルマン人やイスラム教徒の侵入を避けて聖職者が移住してきて、クリュニー修道院は、11世紀以来、教会刷新運動の拠点となり、12世紀にはシトー派修道会も生まれた。1363年国王ジャン・ル・ボンの第4子フィリップ・ル・アルディに公領が与えられてより、公領は最盛期を迎え、西ヨーロッパ大公の国として国王の勢力を上回ったが、1477年王領地に併合された。これより以降ブルゴーニュ公という称号は栄誉的なものとなり、ルイ14世の孫ルイ・ド・フランスとルイ16世の長兄ルイに授与されたにすぎなくなった。しかし、王権はブルゴーニュの地方的独自主義を侵害せず、ディジョンの高等法院や会計院を存続させ、また地方三部会の開催を認めた。王権が創設したのは徴税区(ジェネラリテ)であり、やがてこの区内を統轄するアンタンダン(地方長官)がブルゴーニュにやってくるのは17世紀に入ってからである。 18世紀に入るとブルゴーニュは繁栄をきたし、新興ブルジョアジーの経済的活動は法服貴族の地位を揺るがし、文化の面では1722年法学部が創設され、40年にはアカデミーも生まれた。フランス革命(1789)により、ブルゴーニュ州は前記の4県に分かれた。19世紀の鉄道網の発達により、ブルゴーニュ地方はふたたび活況を呈し、ブドウ栽培や牧畜を中心に新たな発展を促した。 [志垣嘉夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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