It is a crime to forge a seal or signature, to illegally use a seal or signature, or to use a forged seal or signature (Articles 164 to 168 of the Penal Code). In Japanese society, seals and signatures are widely used as a means of proving a person's identity (that they are the person in question), such as in government documents and contracts, and play an important role. Therefore, it is necessary to legally protect the public's trust in the authenticity (truthfulness) of seals and signatures. However, in the case of the crime of forgery of a seal, the seal or signature often constitutes part of the document or securities in question, and if the document or securities itself is charged with forgery, the forgery of a seal or signature is included in this. Therefore, this crime becomes an issue when the crime of document forgery or securities forgery ends up being unsuccessful, or when the seal or signature is used independently. Under the current Penal Code, this crime is largely distinguished depending on whether it is used on the Emperor or the State of Japan, a public official or public office, or a private individual. Specifically, there are (1) the crimes of forgery and improper use of the "Imperial Seal" (the Emperor's seal), the "Grand Seal" (the seal of the State of Japan), and the "Imperial Name" (the Emperor's signature); (2) the crimes of forgery and improper use of official seals related to the seals and signatures of public offices and public servants, and the crimes of forgery and improper use of official symbols related to the symbols of public offices; and (3) the crimes of forgery and improper use of private seals related to the seals and signatures of people other than those of public offices (note that there are also attempted crimes for each of these). [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
行使の目的で印章・署名を偽造したり、印章・署名を不正に使用、または偽造した印章・署名を使用する罪(刑法164条~168条)。日本の社会では印章・署名は、役所の書類、契約書などのように、人の同一性(本人であること)を証明する手段として広く用いられ、重要な役割を果たしている。そこで、印章・署名に関して、その真正(真実であること)に対する一般人の信用を法的にも保護する必要がある。ただし印章偽造罪は、印章・署名が当該文書や有価証券の一部を構成することが多く、文書や有価証券そのものが偽造罪に問われる場合には、印章・署名の偽造などはこれに含まれる。したがって、本罪は、文書偽造罪や有価証券偽造罪が不成立に終わった場合と、印章・署名がそれ自体、独立に用いられる場合に問題となる。現行刑法では、これらの使用される対象が、天皇・日本国、公務員・公務所、私人のいずれであるかによって、本罪を大きく区別している。具体的には、(1)「御璽(ぎょじ)」(天皇の印章)、「国璽(こくじ)」(日本国の印章)、「御名(ぎょめい)」(天皇の署名)の偽造・不正使用罪、(2)公務所・公務員の印章・署名に関する公印偽造・不正使用罪、公務所の記号に関する公記号偽造・不正使用罪、(3)公務所以外の他人の印章・署名に関する私印偽造・不正使用罪がある(なお、これらには未遂罪がある)。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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