Necessary and sufficient condition

Japanese: 必要十分条件 - ひつようじゅうぶんじょうけん(英語表記)necessary and sufficient condition
Necessary and sufficient condition

Suppose the proposition "If p, then q" is true. In other words, in all cases where p is true, q is always true. In this case, q is said to be a necessary condition for p, and p is said to be a sufficient condition for q. However, even if "If p, then q" is true, it does not necessarily mean that the converse, "If q, then p" is true. In other words, q is a necessary condition for p, but not necessarily a sufficient condition for p. For example, "If an integer is a multiple of 4, then the number is even" is true, but the converse, "Even numbers are multiples of 4" is not necessarily true.

Now, consider the case where q is a necessary condition for p, and conversely, p is also a necessary condition for q. Then, p and q are each other's sufficient conditions. In this case, q is said to be a necessary and sufficient condition for p, or p is said to be a necessary and sufficient condition for q. It is also said that p and q are equivalent.

For example, for a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram and for its diagonals to bisect each other are necessary and sufficient conditions for each other.

[Rei Koto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「pならばqである」という命題が真であるとする。つまり、pが真であるすべての場合について、いつもqが真であるとする。このとき、qのことをpであるための必要条件、また、pのことをqであるための十分条件という。ところで、「pならばqである」が真であっても、かならずしもその逆、「qならばpである」が真とは限らない。つまり、qはpの必要条件であるが、pであるための十分条件とは限らないのである。たとえば、「ある整数が4の倍数ならばその数は偶数である」は真であるが、その逆、「偶数は4の倍数である」はかならずしも真ではない。

 いま、qがpの必要条件であると同時に、逆にpもqの必要条件である場合を考える。するとpとqは互いに他の十分条件にもなっている。このとき、qはpの、またはpはqの必要かつ十分条件、縮めて必要十分条件という。またpとqは同値であるともいう。

 たとえば、一つの四辺形において「平行四辺形である」ことと、「対角線が互いに他を二等分する」こととは、互いに必要かつ十分な条件である。

[古藤 怜]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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