British economist. After graduating from Oxford University in 1922, he also studied at Cambridge University, and was a scholarship student at Christ Church College, Oxford, from 1924 to 1967. During this time, he served as co-editor of the Economic Journal (1945-1961), economic advisor to the International Monetary Fund (1952-1953), and president of the Royal Economic Society (1962-1964). His first work to raise his name was International Economics (1933). In it he introduced the multiplier theory into trade theory, and pointed out the importance of the effect of trade volume on employment levels and international economic spillovers, in addition to the quality of trade as indicated by comparative production cost theory. He also emphasized the difference in the international endowments of specific production factors as the cause of comparative production cost differences, and criticized the Heckscher-Ohlin approach. However, it was his work in dynamic economics that solidified his reputation, and in The Trade Cycle, An Essay (1936) he combined the relation that would later be called the acceleration principle with multiplier theory to analyze business cycle problems. Furthermore, in Towards a Dynamic Economics (1948), he formulated economic growth as the relationship between a guaranteed growth rate that depends on the savings rate and the capital coefficient, and a natural growth rate determined by the rate of labor force growth and the rate of technological progress, and together with Domar, he paved the way for modern economic growth theory. In addition to these contributions to economics, he also wrote other books, such as The Life of John Maynard Keynes (1951) and Sociology, Morals and Mystery (1971). [Atsushi Murakami] "Fujii Shigeru's translation of 'International Economics', completely revised new edition (1976, Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha)" ▽ "Miyazaki Yoshikazu and Asano Eiichi's translation of 'Business Cycles' (1955, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "Takahashi Chotaro and Suzuki Ryoichi's translation of 'Introduction to Dynamic Economics' (1953, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Shionoya Kyukyu's translation of 'Keynes', volumes 1 and 2 (1954, 1956, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "Shimizu Ikutaro's translation of 'What is Social Science?' (Iwanami Shinsho)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの経済学者。1922年オックスフォード大学卒業後、ケンブリッジ大学にも学び、1924年から1967年までオックスフォード大学クライスト・チャーチ学寮のスチューデント(給費研究生)であった。この間、「エコノミック・ジャーナル」Economic Journal誌の共同編集者(1945~1961)、国際通貨基金(IMF)経済顧問(1952~1953)、王立経済学会会長(1962~1964)を歴任している。 彼の名をまず高めたのは『国際経済学』International Economics(1933)であった。彼はそこで貿易理論に乗数理論を導入し、比較生産費理論が示す貿易の質と並んで、一国の雇用水準や景気の国際的波及に貿易の量が与える効果の重要性を指摘した。また、比較生産費差をもたらすものとして特殊的生産要素の国際的賦存の相違を重視し、ヘクシャー‐オリーン流の接近法を批判している。しかし、ハロッドの名声を不動のものとしたのは動態経済学の分野での諸研究であり、『景気循環論』The Trade Cycle, An Essay(1936)では、後の加速度原理ともいうべきリレーションと乗数理論との結合を図り、景気循環問題を分析した。さらに『動態経済学序説』Towards a Dynamic Economics(1948)では、経済成長を、貯蓄率と資本係数に依存する保証成長率と、労働人口増加率と技術進歩率に規定される自然成長率との関係として定式化し、ドーマーとともに現代経済成長理論の端緒を開いた。なお、これら経済学上の貢献のほか、『ケインズ伝』The Life of John Maynard Keynes(1951)、『社会科学とは何か』Sociology, Morals and Mystery(1971)などの著書もある。 [村上 敦] 『藤井茂訳『国際経済学』全訂新版(1976・実業之日本社)』▽『宮崎義一・浅野栄一訳『景気循環論』(1955・東洋経済新報社)』▽『高橋長太郎・鈴木諒一訳『動態経済学序説』(1953・有斐閣)』▽『塩野谷九十九訳『ケインズ伝』上下(1954、1956・東洋経済新報社)』▽『清水幾太郎訳『社会科学とは何か』(岩波新書)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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