Tribus - Tribus (English spelling) Latin tribus

A subdivision of the ancient Roman people. During the monarchy, the people were divided into three tribes, the Titiae, the Ramnes, and the Luceres, which were thought to have originally been tribal groups related by blood. In contrast, the later tribes, which are said to have been established by King Servius Tullius, were based on regional principles, and the oldest divisions are thought to have been four tribes within the city limits of Rome and 16 divisions named after patrician clans in the surrounding rural areas. Later, as Roman citizens established colonies in Italy and the natives were granted Roman citizenship, new tribes were established in the new territories, and by 241 BC the total number had reached 35. However, no new tribes were established after this. Every Roman citizen was registered as a member of one of the tribes (ward), and all political rights and obligations, including suffrage, household surveys, taxation, and conscription, were carried out through the tribes. For example, in the Tribal Assembly, one of the Roman civil assemblies, each district had two votes (one for the elderly and one for the middle-aged), and the same system was introduced in the Centuria Assembly after 241 BC. However, the number of residents in each district was not equal, and the four tribes in the central city were huge tribes that included a particularly large number of poor people and freed slaves, so transfer to these tribes was often a form of punishment. After 241 BC, new citizens were registered with one of the 35 existing tribes, so the new registration of new citizens influenced the balance of political power and was often the focus of political struggles.

[Yuge Tatsuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

古代ローマの国民の下部区分。王政時代には、国民はティティエス、ラムネス、ルケレスの三トリブスに分かれたが、このトリブスは元来は血縁的な種族集団であったと考えられる。これに対して、セルウィウス・トゥリウス王が始めたと伝えられる後のトリブスは、地域的原理による区分で、最古の区分は、ローマ市域の四トリブス、周辺農村部の貴族（パトリキ）氏族の名をもった16区分であったと推定されている。その後、イタリアにおいてローマ市民の植民市建設や原住民へのローマ市民権付与が進むと新しい領域に新トリブスが設置され、紀元前241年には総数35になった。しかし、この後、トリブスが新たに設置されることはなかった。ローマ市民はかならずいずれかのトリブス（区）民として登録され、参政権のほか、戸口調査、課税、徴兵など政治的権利義務はすべてトリブスを介して遂行された。たとえば、ローマの民会の一つ、トリブス民会での採決は一区が二票（老人組一票、壮年組一票）をもつ仕方で投票が行われ、ケントゥリア民会でも前241年以後同じ方法が導入された。しかし各トリブスの区民数は等しくなく、中心市の四トリブスはとくに貧民、解放奴隷を多く含む巨大トリブスであったから、ここへの所属替えはしばしば罰として行われた。前241年以後、新市民は既存の35トリブスのいずれかに登録されたから、新市民の新登録は政治的力関係に影響を与え、しばしば政争の焦点となった。

［弓削　達］

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