High polymer chemistry

Japanese: 高分子化学 - こうぶんしかがく(英語表記)high polymer chemistry
High polymer chemistry

A branch of chemistry that studies the synthesis of polymer compounds and their physical properties. The former is broadly divided into polymer synthetic chemistry and the latter into polymer physical chemistry. Polymer synthetic chemistry is the academic study of how to make synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and plastics, mainly from petroleum, and the path to that end, while polymer physical chemistry focuses on the unique properties of polymers. In other words, because polymer compounds have huge molecules, they do not exist as gases, but are solid at room temperature and become viscous liquids when heated. When certain solvents are added, they dissolve and become viscous solutions or swell. Furthermore, solids have mechanical strength and are used as materials, so their properties are also treated in terms of the thermodynamics of solutions and rheology as structural materials.

More recently, the synthesis of natural polymeric substances has been studied from a biochemical standpoint, and a few types of proteins and nucleic acids that were previously produced only through synthesis involving living organisms can now be synthesized.

Polymer chemistry was developed by the German chemist Staudinger around 1932, and established a firm position as an academic field with the invention of nylon by the American chemist Carothers. Recently, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics have been introduced, and the development of these fields has promoted the development of polymer chemistry. In recent years, attention has been focused on polymer chemistry related to living organisms and functional polymer chemistry related to polymer compounds with unique properties.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

"Tales of Polymer Chemistry" by Yagi Kazufumi (1964, Sogensha)

[Reference item] | Polymer compounds

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

高分子化合物の合成法や、その物性を研究する化学の一分野。前者は高分子合成化学、後者は高分子物性化学と大別される。高分子合成化学は主として石油を原料として合成繊維、合成ゴムやプラスチックをどのような方法でつくっていくか、またその道筋の学問的な研究であり、高分子物性化学は高分子としての特異な性質を対象とする。すなわち高分子化合物は分子が巨大になっているため、気体としては存在せず、主として室温で固体、加熱すると粘い液体として存在する。ある種の溶媒を加えると、溶解して粘い溶液となるか膨潤する。さらに固体のものは機械的強度をもち材料として用いられるので、それらの性質を溶液の熱力学的取扱いや、構造材料としてレオロジー的な取扱いも行われている。

 さらに最近は天然高分子物質の合成過程が生物化学的な立場から取り扱われ、また生体が関与する合成によってのみつくられていた各種タンパク質や核酸の2、3のものも、現在では合成されるようになった。

 1932年ごろにドイツのシュタウディンガーによって発展し、アメリカのカロザースによるナイロンの発明によって高分子化学が学問として確固たる地位を築いた。最近は統計力学や量子力学なども導入され、またそれらの学問の発展が高分子化学の発達を促した。近年は生体に関する高分子化学、特異な性質をもった高分子化合物に関する機能性高分子化学が注目されている。

[垣内 弘]

『八木一文著『高分子化学の話』(1964・創元社)』

[参照項目] | 高分子化合物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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