Kepler's Laws

Japanese: ケプラーの法則 - けぷらーのほうそく
Kepler's Laws

German astronomer Kepler discovered three laws concerning the motion of planets. Kepler summarized (examined, selected, and evaluated data, and organized it to find more reliable evidence) the observational results of his teacher, Tycho Brahe, and published them between 1609 and 1618.

[Naoaki Owaki]

First Law

"The orbit of the planet is an ellipse with the sun as one of its foci" - the core of this law is that the sun is not at the center of the ellipse, but at its foci. This is because the force between the sun and the planet is gravitational and central, and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two celestial bodies.

[Naoaki Owaki]

Second Law

"The area swept (crossed) by a line segment connecting a planet and the sun in the same amount of time is equal" (law of constant areal velocity) -- this indicates that there is no force acting on the two celestial bodies along the planet's orbit, but only along the line segment connecting the two celestial bodies (such a force is called a central force), and that the law of conservation of angular momentum holds for the central force.

[Naoaki Owaki]

Third Law

"The cube of the semi-major axis of a planet's orbit (which is also the average distance between the two celestial bodies) is proportional to the square of the orbital period" -- this also shows the relationship between gravity and distance mentioned above.

The force between the two celestial bodies when these three laws hold true is Newton's gravitational force, and it has been theoretically proven that it holds true only when these three laws hold true. Kepler's laws later became the basis for the establishment of the law of universal gravitation and mechanics by Newton and others, and are of great historical significance. Later in mechanics, the first law was stated to state that "orbits under the force of gravitation form a conic curve with the sun as its focus." Naturally, this law also holds true in other celestial systems (for example, binary star systems). In particular, the proportionality constant of the third law is proportional to the sum of the masses of both celestial bodies, so it is applied to calculate the mass of binary stars.

[Naoaki Owaki]

"Golden Mathematics Volume 3: Space Science and Human Science" by Yasuraoka Yuzo (1989, Soei Publishing)""Planetary Orbits" by G.W.F. Hegel, translated by Murakami Kyoichi (1991, Hosei University Press)""Mechanics - Focusing on Point Material Mechanics" by Takahashi Noriaki and Hirooka Masahiko (1996, Baifukan)""Appreciating Physics - From the Copernican Universe to Maxwell's Space" by Idaya Fumio (1997, Taiga Publishing)""Mechanics of Celestial Bodies and Orbits" by Kinoshita Sora (1998, University of Tokyo Press)""The Discovery of Magnetism and Gravity 3: The Beginning of Modern Times" by Yamamoto Yoshitaka (2003, Misuzu Shobo)

[References] | gravity | angular momentum | orbit | Kepler | central force | Tycho Brahe | universal gravitation | binary stars | planets
Kepler's Laws
Second Law - The areas swept out by the same radius (a line drawn from the Sun to the planet) at the same time are equal .

Kepler's Laws


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの天文学者ケプラーが発見した惑星の運動に関する三つの法則。ケプラーは師のティコ・ブラーエの観測結果などを整約(データを吟味、取捨、評価して整理し、より確かな資料を求めること)し、1609~1618年に発表した。

[大脇直明]

第一法則

「惑星の軌道は太陽を焦点の一つとする楕円(だえん)である」――この法則の核心は、太陽が楕円の中心になく、焦点にあることである。このことは、太陽と惑星との間の力が引力で、かつ中心力であって、両天体の距離の2乗に反比例することに起因する。

[大脇直明]

第二法則

「惑星と太陽とを結ぶ線分が等しい時間に掃く(横切る)面積は等しい」(面積速度一定の法則)――このことは、両天体に働く力には惑星の軌道に沿って働く力はなく、両天体を結ぶ線分に沿ってのみ働くこと(このような力を中心力という)を示し、中心力では角運動量保存則が成り立つことをいっている。

[大脇直明]

第三法則

「惑星軌道の長半径(両天体間の平均距離でもある)の3乗は公転周期の2乗に比例する」――これも前述の引力と距離との関係を示している。

 これらの3法則が成り立つときの両天体間の力はニュートンの万有引力であり、またそのときのみに成り立つことが理論的に証明される。このケプラーの法則はのちにニュートンらによる万有引力則や力学確立の基礎となったもので、歴史的にも重要な意義をもつ。第一法則はその後の力学により、「万有引力の下での軌道は太陽を焦点とする円錐(えんすい)曲線となる」と述べられるようになった。なお、当然のことであるが、この法則は他の天体系(たとえば連星系)でも成り立つ。とくに第三法則の比例定数は両天体の質量和に比例するので、連星の質量を求めるのに応用される。

[大脇直明]

『安楽岡雄三著『黄金数学 第3巻 宇宙科学と人間科学』(1989・創栄出版)』『G・W・F・ヘーゲル著、村上恭一訳『惑星軌道論』(1991・法政大学出版局)』『高橋憲明・広岡正彦著『力学――質点力学を中心にして』(1996・培風館)』『井田屋文夫著『物理学を味わう――コペルニクスの宇宙からマクスウェルの空間へ』(1997・大河出版)』『木下宙著『天体と軌道の力学』(1998・東京大学出版会)』『山本義隆著『磁力と重力の発見3 近代の始まり』(2003・みすず書房)』

[参照項目] | 引力 | 角運動量 | 軌道 | ケプラー | 中心力 | ティコ・ブラーエ | 万有引力 | 連星 | 惑星
ケプラーの法則
第二法則―同一時間に動径(太陽から惑星に引いた線分)が掃く面積は互いに等しい©Shogakukan">

ケプラーの法則


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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