A field of social science that studies the principles of structure and behavior of organizations that operate under a unified will and with a certain continuity of operations. With regard to the organizational structures that are the subject of research, those that study organizations in general are sometimes called "general principles of management" in the broad sense, while those that focus on specific organizations such as corporations are sometimes called "principles of business administration" in the narrow sense. [Mitsuo Morimoto] developmentGenerally speaking, business management is divided into two streams: German business management and American business management. The former began with the scientification of business studies, but in the process of scientification, a fierce debate over methodology took place. Its name was also suggested as private economics or individual economics, but it eventually settled on business economics (Betriebswirtschaftslehre) (German), which has remained the same to this day. Business economics regards business as an economic phenomenon and elucidates it theoretically, but before World War II, three schools of thought stood within it in terms of how to understand its academic character. They were the theoretical school, which explained the causal laws inherent in the empirical realities of business management; the technical school, which replaced this causal law with the policy-objective relationship and studied the nature of policies and techniques; and the normative school, which explained the ideal form of business management (centered on the theory of business communities). After the war, the theoretical school introduced the methods of modern economics and dominated the others, but in recent years, the influence of American research has grown stronger and the economics color has faded. America has traditionally had a strong practical tendency, and business administration has its origins in the scientific management method of the early 20th century, and has developed as business administration for executives and managers. For a long time, it was a technical theory centered on functional analysis and management techniques, but since the 1950s, it has been replaced by theories based on scientific evidence. Meanwhile, even in America, apart from this type of business administration, there is also institutional business administration, which is based on institutional economics and theoretically investigates the essence of management, and managerial economics, which applies the methods of modern economics to decision-making from the standpoint of practical actors such as business managers. Until World War II, Japanese business administration was strongly influenced by German business economics, and after the war by American business administration. However, since around 1960, there has been a strong tendency to absorb and incorporate foreign achievements while building an original system. [Mitsuo Morimoto] System of Business ManagementCurrent business management is so diverse that it has been described as a "jungle," and there is no stable system that is widely supported. However, it is possible to show a basic framework in the sense of a major problem area. In that case, the decisive turning point is whether the research subject is an organization in general or a company, as mentioned above. C.I. Barnard, a representative of the former, adopted a system of human theory, collaborative systems theory, organizational theory, and management theory. This is called a four-layer system, or a three-layer system (human theory is the premise, and the latter three are the actual content). In human theory, humans are viewed as beings that pursue rationality through free decision-making despite having constraints. When such humans try to overcome constraints, a collaborative system is formed, which is nothing other than what is generally called an organization or management. Within a collaborative system, consciously coordinated human activities and forces are called organizations, and the action of making an organization operate effectively is management. Theories are developed and systematized based on such relationships, but business management in the broad sense is destined to be comprehensive and abstract due to the general nature of the subject. Bernard's theory did not escape this fate. On the other hand, in the narrow sense of business administration, which only studies companies, at least two sub-systems are necessary. The first is the theory of the enterprise, which asks what a company is, and the second is the theory of business behavior or broader business administration, which asks how a company behaves (theoretical school) or how it should behave (technical school). Some theories of the enterprise use the theories of the enterprise from microeconomics as is, but one that is highly unique to business administration is the theory of the enterprise structure, which applies the results of institutional business administration and sees the enterprise as an environmentally adaptive development system. From this perspective on the enterprise, theories of the enterprise environment, social responsibility, and business objectives are necessary in relation to the theory of the enterprise structure. This is because a company takes on social responsibility as it grows, and the setting and changing of business objectives is the starting point of environmentally adaptive behavior. Business behavior is a dynamic process of achieving business objectives, but in order to develop the behavior, the central subject and the principle of selecting the means of action must be clarified. These are theories of management and business strategy, which form the beginning of the broad sense of business administration. Based on this, various management theories are developed. Systems are constructed based on various standards, such as elemental management theory, such as financial management and labor management, and process management theory, such as purchasing management, production management, and sales management. In addition, business organization theory and business economics theory (mostly business cost theory) are added, which view all of the above areas from the perspectives of organization (people) and economy (capital). [Mitsuo Morimoto] "Introduction to Business Management, by Mitsuo Morimoto, 3rd edition (1995, Dobunkan)" ▽ "General Theory of Modern Business Management, by Tsukasa Muramatsu (1991, Chuo Keizaisha)" ▽ "Introduction to Business Management, by Masato Kamekawa and Shuichi Suzuki (1997, Shinseisha)" ▽ "Lectures on General Theory of Business Management, by Osamu Mano (1997, Bunshindo)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
社会科学の一分野で、統一的な意思のもとに一定の継続的施設を基礎にして活動する組織体の構造および行動の原理を研究する学問。研究対象となる組織体に関して、組織体一般を研究するものを広義の経営学ないし一般経営学general principles of managementといい、企業という特定組織体に限定するものを狭義の経営学ないし企業経営学principles of business administrationということがある。 [森本三男] 発展一般にドイツ経営学とアメリカ経営学の二つの流れに分けられる。前者は、商業学の科学化に始まるが、科学化の過程で方法論争が激しく行われた。その名称についても私経済学や個別経済学などが主張されたが、やがて経営経済学Betriebswirtschaftslehre(ドイツ語)に落ち着き、現在に至っている。経営経済学は、経営を経済現象としてとらえ、それを理論的に解明するものであるが、その学問的性格をどのように理解するかについて、第二次世界大戦前にはその内部に次の3派が鼎立(ていりつ)した。経営の経験的現実事象に内在する因果法則を説明する理論学派、この因果法則を政策―目的関係に代置して政策や技法のあり方を研究する技術論派、経営のあるべき姿(中心は経営共同体論)を説く規範学派がそれである。戦後は、理論学派の流れが近代経済学の手法を導入して他を圧倒したが、近年はアメリカの研究の影響が強くなり、経済学の色彩は希薄化している。 アメリカでは伝統的に実践的傾向が強く、経営学は20世紀初頭の科学的管理法を源流とし、経営者、管理者のための経営管理学として発達してきた。それは長らく機能分析や管理技術を中心とする技術論であったが、1950年代以降、科学的実証に基づく理論によって代置されている。他方、アメリカにおいても、このような経営管理学とは別に、制度派経済学を土台としながら経営の本質を理論的に究明する制度派経営学や、近代経済学の手法を経営管理者という実践主体の立場から意思決定への応用としてとらえるマネジリアル・エコノミックスmanagerial economicsがある。 日本の経営学は、第二次世界大戦まではドイツの経営経済学の、戦後はアメリカ経営学の影響を強く受けてきたが、1960年(昭和35)ごろからは、外国の成果を吸収、包摂しつつ、独自の体系において構築しようとする傾向が強い。 [森本三男] 経営学の体系現在の経営学は、「ジャングル」と形容されるほど多彩であり、大勢が支持するような安定的体系は存在しない。しかし、大きな問題領域という意味で、基本的枠組みを示すことは可能である。その場合、研究対象を前述のように組織体一般とするか企業にするかが、決定的な分岐点となる。前者の代表的存在であるC・I・バーナードは、人間論、協働システム論、組織論、管理論という体系をとった。これを四層体系、または(人間論は前提であり、後三者が実際の内容になるとみて)三層体系という。人間論では、制約をもちながらも自由な意思決定を通じて合理性を追求する存在として人間がとらえられる。このような人間が制約を克服しようとするとき、協働システムが形成されるが、それは一般にいう組織体ないし経営にほかならない。協働システムのうち、意識的に調整された人間の活動や諸力を組織といい、組織を有効に稼働させる作用が管理である。このような関連のもとに理論が展開され、体系化されているが、広義の経営学は、対象の一般性のゆえに包括的、抽象的にならざるをえない宿命をもつ。バーナードの理論もこの宿命を逃れられなかった。 他方、企業のみを研究対象とする狭義の経営学では、少なくとも二つの部分体系が必要である。第一は、企業とは何かを問題にする企業理論であり、第二は、企業はいかに行動しているか(理論学派)、あるいはいかに行動させるべきか(技術論派)を問題にする経営行動論ないし広義の経営管理論である。企業理論については、ミクロ経済学の企業理論をそのまま用いるものもあるが、経営学の独自性の高いものとして、制度派経営学の成果を応用しながら企業を環境適応的発展システムとしてとらえる企業体制論がある。このような企業観にたてば、企業体制論に関連して、企業環境論、社会的責任論、経営目的論が必要になる。企業は成長とともに社会的責任を負うようになり、また経営目的の設定と変更は、環境適応行動の出発点になるからである。経営行動は、経営目的実現の動的過程であるが、行動展開のためには、中心主体と行動の手段選択原理が明らかにされなければならない。経営者論と経営戦略論がこれであり、これらは広義の経営管理論の冒頭部を構成する。これを受けて各種管理論が展開される。財務管理、労務管理のような要素的管理論、購買管理・生産管理・販売管理のような過程的管理論など、各種の基準による体系が構成される。また、以上の全領域を組織(人間)と経済(資本)の側面からとらえる、経営組織論と経営経済論(ほとんどは経営費用論)が加えられることになる。 [森本三男] 『森本三男著『経営学入門』3訂版(1995・同文舘)』▽『村松司叙著『現代経営学総論』(1991・中央経済社)』▽『亀川雅人・鈴木秀一著『入門経営学』(1997・新世社)』▽『眞野脩著『講義経営学総論』(1997・文眞堂)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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