Painful - painful

Japanese: 苦 - くるしい

〘Adj.〙 Kurushi 〘Adj.〙① Your physical condition or lifestyle is not good, and you feel pain. It is difficult. ※Shoki (720), Emperor Keitai 21, August (Maeda Honin) "The people are saved in a daze . This and that are only temporary." ※Okan Honyokyoku, Tsuchigumo (around 1570) "Though illness is painful, there are many examples in this world of illness being cured by medical treatment."② Your heart aches from unfulfilled wishes, sorrow, regret, etc. Painful. Painful. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century), 2.229 "The tide is low at Naniwa Lagoon, and I see my sister sinking, and I think of her suffering ."③ It is difficult to do things. It is difficult. ※Ochikubo (late 10th century) 3 " My legs are aching and it is painful to put on my attire." ④ To be concerned or worried. Worried. ※Genji (around 1001-14) Momijiga "No matter what I say, it's painful to think, 'Will I find someone?'" ⑤ To be a hindrance. To be hesitant. To be inconvenient. Also, there is something suspicious that makes you feel that way. Often used with negative expressions. → Kurushu (not painful). ※Heike (early 13th century) 7 "If that's you, then I'll be happy. Please let me know." ⑥ To be troubled and not know how to deal with something. Something difficult is happening and it's painful. To be in a difficult situation. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 3.265 "Is this painful rain falling? There is no house at the crossing of the sacred Sano Plateau ?" ※Fifteen Years (1946) <Dazai Osamu> "Everyone is suffering now except for the war profiteers." ⑦ It is the manner of making people feel unpleasant. It is grievous to see. It is grievous to hear. ※Okagura (early 12th century) 3 "The handling of the things that are in the presence of the Emperor, and the tightening up of the Emperor's secluded place." ⑧ It is the manner of forcing something to be arranged. It is the manner of forcing something to fit. ※Angura Nabe (1871-72)〈Kanagaki Robun〉First「Kurushii sandan ni to mo metataruru sleeve watch no yasu mono no yoru mono」⑨ (Used as a suffix. Also “gurushii”) Used after the conjunctive form of a verb to express the meaning that the verb’s action is unpleasant, unwilling, or difficult. ※Man’yoshu (late 8th century) 14.3481「Ariya no sae sae shizumi no sae ni to wa kotono to tsuite wo ga guru shi wo (I came without saying a word to my sister in the house, thinking of her ) 」[Etymology](1) The original meaning is to lose one’s physical and mental stability due to the unbearable pain, and it may be the same root as the “kuru” in “kurufu (madness).”
(2)⑤ The negative expression can be seen from the Middle Ages, but in the late modern period, it was used exclusively as samurai slang in the form " kuru shiku (u) nai."

く【bitter】

〘Noun〙① Suffering. Worry. Anguish. ※Shoreishū-ni (around 835) Stone monument of the late Sanchō Kokushi at the Qinglong Temple in the Great Tang Dynasty " _Suffering _{cold and} scorching heat, _{Do not tell of} _your _suffering " [Liezi-tendan]② Toil. Toil. Hardship. ※Waei-rin-shūsei (First Edition) (1867) "Ku (ku) wo shite nochi wo rakuni kuraseyo" [Han Shu-Yang Yun Biography]③ To be careful. Worry. Concern. Heartache. → To make suffering/to become suffering. ※Sagoromo Monogatari (around 1069-77) 1 "If you go and say so, I will just be in the land of women"④ Buddhist term. The suffering that people receive as a punishment for their own worldly desires and bad deeds. There are various ways to count them, such as the four sufferings and the eight sufferings. ※Eika (around 1028-1092) Tama no Utena “When your heart and your affairs are in harmony, there is no pain of separation.”

Bitterness

〘Adj.〙 Bitterness 〘Adj.〙① In terms of taste, the state of stimulating the tongue and causing an unpleasant sensation. ※Daichidoron, Ten'an 2nd Year Point (858), 67 "It is like taking a medicine that is painful at first, but later on the illness is relieved."② Similar to the taste of ①, it is unpleasant. Unpleasant. In a bad mood. Disgusting. Bitter. ※Ukiyo-zoshi, Amorous Life of a Woman (1686), 2 "When I asked if I would like to be your courtesan, the country rich man gave me a bitter face."③ Painful. Painful. Also, the state of feeling accompanied by pain, regret, etc. ※Cynicism (1909-10) by Kafu Nagai, vol. 2 “Even if I encounter many bitter experiences, sorrows, and regrets”

Kurushi-mu [pain]

[1] [J. Ma 5 (4)] ① To feel pain in body and mind, to live in poverty, and to feel distressed and tormented. To be troubled. ※Kojiki (712), vol. 2: “Because of this, the peasants prospered and did not suffer from labor.” ② To be troubled and distressed because one does not know how to deal with something. To be in a difficult position. ※The Future of Japanese Painting (1890), from Toyama Shoichi, “Today's painters are troubled by subjects for their paintings.” “Those who are not troubled by subjects for their paintings.” ③ To do something with difficulty. To take great pains. ※The Western Travels of Hizakurige (1874-76), from Sosei Kan, vol. 12: “I was troubled by getting points for haiku and by sitting in a chair.” [2] [J. Ma 2] ⇒ torment (suffering)

to suffer

〘Ta Ma 1〙 Kurushimu 〘Ta Ma 2〙① To cause pain to the body or mind. To cause hardship or worry. ※Nihon Shoki (720), Keikō 40th year (Kitano edition, Nanboku-chō period interpretation) "The mountain god made the king suffer ." ※Genji (c. 1001-14), Otome "Torturing oneself through study and the like is a very far-fetched idea, one must think." ② To make the other person unsure of what to do. To make them speechless. ※Ochikubo (late 10th century) 2 "Perhaps he has placed something suspicious inside the house. It must be because he is torturing the old man."

Nigamu [bitter]

[1] (Independent Ma 4) ① To feel bitter. To be displeased and to have a bitter expression or attitude. To lose interest. To be bitter. ※Utsubo (c. 970-999) Upper and Lower Towers: “When I looked, my heart became all the more sad and I wondered, ‘How can I catch it?’ I couldn’t help but grab it.” ② To get wrinkles. ※Uji Shui (c. 1221) 4: “When it was warm, I spread the grass and it was so bitter that it was hard to catch, and it got stuck in my hands.” [2] (Other Ma 2) ⇒ nigameru (bitter)

Bitterness

[1] [noun] (from the stem of the adjective "nigai") 1. Sassy remarks. Poisonous words. Sarcasm. Bitterness. ※From the Sharakuhon Himitsu Shinkoku (c. 1757), Shima no Uchi no Asa "There will be those who say that you have been treated badly and will speak bitter words ." [2] [phrase] 1. Expresses the meaning of bitterness. "Nigashio," "Nigatake," "Nigazake," etc. 2. Expresses the meaning of bitterness or unpleasantness. "Nigate," "Nigaguchi," "Nigazare," "Nigwarai," etc.

Pain [suffering]

〘noun〙 (the noun derived from the conjunctive form of the verb "kurushimau (suffering)") To suffer. Anxiety. Pain. ※Ruijukokushi-194, Bohai-ka, Tencho 1st year (824), February Jin-go "Even when I was sending them off, I had to endure the pain and suffering of the peasants. " ※Genji (around 1001-14), Akashi "There were many times when I saw their suffering , but I did not think of it as pain."

Painful

〘Noun〙 (The noun form of the verb "kurusibu (suffering)") = kurushimi (suffering) ※The Chronicles (720) Kamiyo no Kami (Kamo-Henryaku Kun) "He called it the root of suffering (kurusihi) and later gave it to me" ※Otogi-zoshi Monokusa-taro (late Muromachi period) "When the gods reveal their true nature, they alleviate the suffering of the three fevers"

Bitterness

〘Ta Ma 1 〙 Niga・mu 〘Ta Ma 2 〙 To frown with dislike. To take an attitude of being bitter. ※Genpei Jōsuiki (before the 14th century) 4 "The story goes that the temple's secret council said, <omitted> When dancing the dance of the former king, one should frown one's nose under the mask."

Bitterness

〘Self-reporting 5th (4)〙 To feel bitter. Also, to make such a face. To lose interest. To be bitter. ※Konjaku (around 1120) 28 "If that were not the case, people would be extremely bitter and would not say a word about this or that."

Kurushi-bu [pain]

〘Self-Ba 4〙 = to suffer (suffer) ※Saidaiji Konkomyo Saishoo-Kyo Sutra, early Heian period (around 830) 9 “In order to listen to this sutra, do not hesitate to go straight ahead and refrain from suffering . ”

Nigari [bitter]

(Noun) (The noun derived from the conjunctive form of the verb "nigaru (to be bitter)") Bitterness.

Kurushi [pain]

〘Adj. siku〙 ⇒ painful (painful)

Bitterness

〘 Adjective 〙 ⇒ Bitter

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘形口〙くるし〘形シク〙① 身体の状態や生活などが思わしくなく、身に苦痛を感じている。難儀である。※書紀（720）継体二一年八月（前田本訓）「民を塗炭(クルシキ)に拯(すく)ふ。彼も此も一時なり」※大観本謡曲・土蜘蛛（1570頃）「病ふは苦しき習ひながら、療治によりて癒る事の、例は多き世の中に」② かなわない願いや悲しみ、後悔などで心が痛む。つらい。せつない。※万葉（８Ｃ後）二・二二九「難波潟潮干な有りそね沈みにし妹が姿を見まく苦流思(クルシ)も」③ 物事をするのがむずかしい。困難である。※落窪（１０Ｃ後）三「脚(あし)の気(け)起りて装束することのくるしければなん」④ 気を使ったり心を配ったりするさまである。心配である。※源氏（1001‐14頃）紅葉賀「何くれと宣ふも似げなく『人や見つけん』とくるしきを」⑤ 差支えがある。はばかりがある。都合が悪い。また、そう感じさせるような怪しさがある。多く否定的表現を伴って用いる。→くるしゅう（苦）ない。※平家（１３Ｃ前）七「其人ならばくるしかるまじ。いれ申せ」⑥ どう処理していいかわからないで困っている。困難なことがあってつらい。苦境にある。※万葉（８Ｃ後）三・二六五「苦(くるしく)も降りくる雨か神(みわ)の崎狭野(さの)の渡りに家もあらなくに」※十五年間（1946）〈太宰治〉「戦争成金のほかは、誰しも今は苦しいのだから」⑦ 人に不愉快な気持を起こさせるさまである。見ぐるしい。聞きぐるしい。※大鏡（１２Ｃ前）三「御前なる苦しき物とりやり、おほとのこもりたる所ひきつくろひなどして」⑧ 無理にととのえるさまである。無理にこじつけるさまである。※安愚楽鍋（1871‐72）〈仮名垣魯文〉初「くるしいさんだんにてもとめたる袖時計のやすものを」⑨ (接尾語的に用いる。「ぐるしい」とも) 動詞の連用形のあとについて、その動詞の行為をするのが、不愉快である、いやである、しにくい、などの意味を表わす。※万葉（８Ｃ後）一四・三四八一「あり衣のさゑさゑしづみ家の妹に物言はず来にて思ひ具流之(グルシ)も」[語誌](1)痛みの耐えがたさに心身の安定を失うのが原義で、「くるふ（狂）」の「くる」と同根か。
(2)⑤の否定表現を伴う用法は、中世から見られるようになるが、近世の後期頃には「くるしく（う）ない」の形でもっぱら武士ことばとして用いられた。くるし‐が・る〘自ラ五（四）〙くるし‐げ〘形動〙くるしげ‐さ〘名〙くるし‐さ〘名〙

く【苦】

〘名〙① 苦しみ。なやみ。苦悩。※性霊集‐二（835頃）大唐青龍寺故三朝国師碑「経_レ寒経_レ暑不_レ告_二其苦_一」〔列子‐天端〕② ほねおり。労苦。苦労。※和英語林集成（初版）（1867）「Ku(ク)ヲシテノチヲラクニクラセヨ」〔漢書‐楊惲伝〕③ 気をつかうこと。心づかい。心配。心痛。→苦にする・苦になる。※狭衣物語（1069‐77頃か）一「言ひもて行けば、ただ、女のくにて侍らんかし」④ 仏語。人が、自分のもつ煩悩や悪い行ないのために、その報いとして受ける苦しみ。四苦、八苦など、さまざまな数え方がある。※栄花（1028‐92頃）玉のうてな「心と事とあひかなへば、愛別離の苦もなし」

にが・い【苦】

〘形口〙にが・し〘形ク〙① 味覚について、舌を刺激し、不快な感じのあるさま。※大智度論天安二年点（858）六七「薬苦を服して当時に苦(ニカシ)と雖も、後に患を除することを得るがごとし」② ①の味に似て、不快である。面白くない。不機嫌である。いとわしい。にがにがしい。※浮世草子・好色一代女（1686）二「おまへさまの傾城ぐるひなされますかといへば、田舎大尽にがい㒵(かほ)をして」③ つらい。くるしい。また、痛み、悔いなどを伴った気持であるさま。※冷笑（1909‐10）〈永井荷風〉二「よし幾多の苦味(ニガ)い経験と悲哀と悔悟とに出会っても」にが‐げ〘形動〙にが‐さ〘名〙

くるし‐・む【苦】

[1] 〘自マ五（四）〙① 心身に苦痛を感じたり生活が貧しくて、つらく、苦しいと思う。悩む。※古事記（712）下「是を以ちて百姓栄えて、役使に苦しまずありき」② どう処理していいかわからないで困る。窮する。※日本絵画の未来（1890）〈外山正一〉今の画人は画題に困しめるものなり「画題に困しまざるものは」③ 苦労して物事を行なう。骨を折る。※西洋道中膝栗毛（1874‐76）〈総生寛〉一二「俳諧の点取や運坐でくるしんで」[2] 〘他マ下二〙 ⇒くるしめる（苦）

くるし‐・める【苦】

〘他マ下一〙くるし・む〘他マ下二〙① 体や心に苦痛を与える。苦労や心配をかける。※書紀（720）景行四〇年（北野本南北朝期訓）「山神(やまのかみ)、王(きみ)を苦(クルシメ)たてまつりて」※源氏（1001‐14頃）乙女「学問などに身をくるしめむことは、いと遠くなむ、思(おぼ)ゆべかめる」② 相手が処置に困るようにする。閉口させる。※落窪（１０Ｃ後）二「あやしく戸内にさしたるか。翁をくるしめ給ふにこそありけれ」

にが・む【苦】

[1] 〘自マ四〙① にがにがしく思う。不快に思ってにがにがしい顔つきや態度になる。興ざめする。にがる。※宇津保（970‐999頃）楼上下「みるにいよいよいとわびしう心ちあしうなりて、『いかにつかまつらん』とてにがみて、とみにも取らねば」② しわがよる。※宇治拾遺（1221頃）四「あたたかなるとき、すをかけつれば、すむつかりとて、にがみてよくはさまるる也」[2] 〘他マ下二〙 ⇒にがめる（苦）

にが【苦】

[1] 〘名〙 (形容詞「にがい」の語幹から)① 憎まれ口。毒舌。いやみ。にがぐち。※洒落本・秘事真告（1757頃）嶋の内の相「粋だをしにたをされたと、憎言(ニガ)をはなす者もあらん」[2] 〘語素〙① にがいの意を表わす。「にがしお」「にがたけ」「にがざけ」など。② にがにがしい、不快であるの意を表わす。「にがて」「にがぐち」「にがざれ」「にがわらい」など。