Cluster of galaxies

Japanese: 銀河団 - ぎんがだん(英語表記)cluster of galaxies
Cluster of galaxies

A cluster of 50 to several thousand galaxies, with a diameter of several million to tens of millions of light years. Even larger clusters are called superclusters. Representative examples of galaxy clusters include the Virgo Cluster (1,000-2,000 members, 59 million light years away, 12 million light years in diameter) and the Coma Cluster (more than 1,000 members, 290 million light years away, 20 million light years in diameter). Just as there are two types of star clusters, diffuse and spherical, there are also two types of galaxy clusters: amorphous and low-concentration (such as the Virgo Cluster) and spherical and high-concentration (such as the Coma Cluster), and it is known that the latter clusters tend to have elliptical galaxies as their member galaxies. At the end of 1980, when a photographic survey of the entire sky using the Mount Palomar Observatory in the United States and the Schmidt telescopes in both the northern and southern hemispheres built by the British in Australia was completed, George Ogden Abell (1927-1983), Harold G. Corwin Jr., and Ron P. Olowin jointly compiled the ACO catalog, the most comprehensive catalog of galaxy clusters ever made (containing classification types and measured data for 4,076 galaxy clusters).

[Takase Bunshiro]

"The Science of the Galaxy" by Oobi Shinya (1989, NHK Publishing)""Exploring the Universe with X-Rays" by Koyama Katsuji (1992, Baifukan)""From Stars to Galaxies: Herschel's Garden" by Heinz R. Pagel, translated by Kuroboshi Eiichi (1993, Chijin Shokan)""The Milky Way and the Galactic Universe" by Okamura Sadanori (1999, University of Tokyo Press)""Astronomy for Beginners" by Handa Toshihiro (2000, Seibundo Shinkosha)""Invitation to Astronomy" edited by Okamura Sadanori (2001, Asakura Shoten)

[References] | Virgo | Coma Berenices | Galaxy | Extragalactic Object | Schmidt Camera | Elliptical Galaxy | Supercluster
Virgo Cluster
A galaxy cluster is made up of around 1,000 to 2,000 galaxies. The photo shows just a part of it. Photographed by the Ultraviolet Space Telescope © NASA / JPL-Caltech / SSC ">

Virgo Cluster

Coma Cluster of Galaxy
A galaxy cluster consisting of more than 1,000 galaxies. The photo shows its central region. Photographed by the large optical-infrared telescope "Subaru" © National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Coma Cluster of Galaxy


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

50個ないし数千個の銀河の集団をいい、直径は数百万光年ないし数千万光年である。さらに大規模なものは超銀河団といわれる。銀河団の代表例としては、おとめ座銀河団(成員数1000~2000個、距離5900万光年、直径1200万光年)や、かみのけ座銀河団(成員数1000個以上、距離2.9億光年、直径2000万光年)がある。星団に散開・球状の2型があるように、銀河団にも不定形で集中度の低い型(おとめ座銀河団など)と、球状で集中度の高い型(かみのけ座銀河団など)があり、後者では成員銀河に楕円(だえん)型が多いという事実が知られている。アメリカのパロマ山天文台、およびイギリスがオーストラリアに建設した、南北両半球のシュミット望遠鏡による、全天写真サーベイが一段落した1980年末、その写真をもとに、エイベルGeorge Ogden Abell(1927―1983)、コーウィンHarold G. Corwin Jr.、オロウィンRon P. Olowinの3人は共同で、銀河団カタログとしてはもっとも総合的なACOカタログ(4076個の銀河団についての、分類型や測定された諸データを収載)を作成した。

[高瀬文志郎]

『小尾信彌著『銀河の科学』(1989・日本放送出版協会)』『小山勝二著『X線で探る宇宙』(1992・培風館)』『ハインツ・R・パージェル著、黒星瑩一訳『星から銀河へ――ハーシェルの庭』(1993・地人書館)』『岡村定矩著『銀河系と銀河宇宙』(1999・東京大学出版会)』『半田利弘著『はじめての天文学』(2000・誠文堂新光社)』『岡村定矩編『天文学への招待』(2001・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | おとめ座 | かみのけ座 | 銀河 | 銀河系外天体 | シュミット・カメラ | 楕円銀河 | 超銀河団
おとめ座銀河団
1000~2000個ほどの銀河で構成されている銀河団。写真はその一部。紫外線宇宙望遠鏡により撮影©NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC">

おとめ座銀河団

かみのけ座銀河団
1000個以上の銀河からなる銀河団。写真はその中心領域。大型光学赤外線望遠鏡「すばる」により撮影©国立天文台">

かみのけ座銀河団


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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