Smoking - Kitsuen (English spelling)

Japanese: 喫煙 - きつえん(英語表記)Smoking
Smoking - Kitsuen (English spelling)

Smoking is difficult to quit because it is a mental illness called nicotine addiction. Along with opiates, cannabis and cocaine, tobacco addiction is classified as a "mental and behavioral disorder".

When regular smokers quit, they experience symptoms of nicotine such as cravings for cigarettes, irritability, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, restlessness, and hunger. Withdrawal symptoms ( Ridatsu Shojo ) The main reason why many smokers are unable to quit smoking, even if they want to, is because of this nicotine addiction.

"I've been cutting down on the number of cigarettes I smoke recently for the sake of my health" is a phrase we often hear. It's certainly a good idea to do so rather than mindlessly puffing away as much as you want. However, it is known that when people cut down on the number of cigarettes they smoke, they tend to inhale more deeply or smoke all the way to the end of the cigarette. Also, even if you cut down on the number of cigarettes you smoke, you are still taking in harmful substances into your body.

Reasons why you can't quit smoking

It has been reported that the majority of smokers want to quit smoking or cut down on their smoking. However, in reality, many people give up from the start, thinking, "I can't quit smoking anyway," or are afraid of the anxiety and sense of loss they will feel if they quit. In addition, it is probably true that many people really want to quit, but don't want to quit because someone else tells them to.

This is not a matter of having a particularly weak will or being too proud. You cannot seriously try to quit smoking because you have not clearly defined your purpose for quitting smoking.

To strengthen your resolve to quit smoking, it is important above all to acquire correct knowledge about tobacco and understand how harmful smoking is, while at the same time focusing on what you can gain by quitting smoking.

Another unexpectedly big obstacle in the process of quitting smoking is the temptation from fellow smokers. Many people seem to be tempted by words such as "Quitting smoking will only make you more stressed" or "My grandfather smoked until he was 80 years old, but he was healthy" and end up reaching for a cigarette. In order to avoid succumbing to such temptations, the shortcut to success is to have a strong motivation to quit smoking.

Understanding nicotine addiction

The Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test (Table 16) is a simple method for assessing the degree of dependence on tobacco (nicotine). The higher the dependence, the more difficult it becomes to quit smoking on your own.

Effects after quitting smoking

It is important to know the extent to which quitting smoking reduces the risk of contracting a disease (Table 17) in order to actually quit smoking. Please remember this when you feel like giving up.

What to do before you start quitting smoking

First, when you quit smoking, keep a smoking diary to record the circumstances and times when you smoked. This will help you understand when and under what circumstances you smoke.

Second, write down why you want to quit smoking so you can refer to it whenever you want. If your motivation is not clear, you will forget your purpose and start smoking again.

Third, write down the benefits of quitting smoking on paper so that you can review them whenever you like. By checking the benefits you can enjoy by quitting smoking, you will strengthen your resolve to quit smoking.

Fourth, be aware that when you first quit smoking, you will experience withdrawal symptoms due to nicotine withdrawal. These include an overwhelming desire to smoke, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, dry mouth, and a fuzzy head. Knowing in advance that these symptoms will appear will help reduce anxiety.

How to Quit Smoking

There are two ways to quit smoking: quitting all at once, or gradually reducing your smoking. Which method is more suitable depends on the individual. With the smoking reduction method, you first cut down to 10 cigarettes or less a day, and then quit all at once. If you absolutely cannot do this, you can continue to reduce more gradually.

Smoking cessation aids

nicotine Replace ( Molestation ) The therapy regards smoking as a nicotine addiction, and is a supportive therapy that leads to smoking cessation while gradually improving nicotine addiction. Smoking cessation aids replenish nicotine in the form of medicine, relieve withdrawal symptoms, and gradually reduce the amount of nicotine supplementation, helping people to break free from nicotine addiction.

Smoking cessation is achieved through the individual's own will, and nicotine replacement therapy is considered a "support" to help with that. Therefore, the most important prerequisite for quitting smoking is the desire to quit smoking and sufficient motivation, and smoking cessation aids alone will not be enough to succeed.

Nicotine gum

Nicotine-containing gum preparations are available over the counter at pharmacies. Nicotine gum therapy is a form of nicotine replacement therapy that makes it easier to quit smoking, and provides nicotine through the gum.

One piece of nicotine gum contains 2 mg of nicotine, which is gradually absorbed through the oral mucosa over 30 minutes, resulting in a blood nicotine concentration that is about half that of smoking a single cigarette. When you feel like smoking, slowly place one piece in your mouth for about 30 minutes. Usually, you start with 6 to 12 pieces a day, and gradually reduce the amount you use each day. Stop when you are down to 1 to 2 pieces a day.

Nicotine patch

Nicotine patches are patches that contain nicotine and are attached to the skin, allowing the nicotine to be absorbed into the body through the skin. Because it is absorbed through the skin, it is slower acting than nicotine gum, and does not give you the feeling of smoking a cigarette.

The patches come in three different sizes (doses) depending on the amount of medication they contain, and the larger size is used for the first 1-6 months after you start quitting smoking, after which you switch to smaller patches and finally stop smoking.

Takashi Wada

Table 16 Nicotine Dependence Test
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Table 16 Nicotine Dependence Test

Table 17. Effects of quitting smoking
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Table 17. Effects of quitting smoking


Smoking restrictions
Smoking
(Basic knowledge of lifestyle-related diseases)

Toxic substances and carcinogenicity

Cigarette smoke is inhaled into the smoker's lungs Mainstream smoke ( Exhibition ) said the sound rising from the end of the lit cigarette. Secondhand smoke ( Fukuryuen ) There is a smoke exhaled by smokers. Exhalation ( School ) When this mixes with secondhand smoke it is called "environmental tobacco smoke."

Nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide are commonly known as the "three evils of tobacco" and are the most common harmful substances contained in tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke contains 4,000 types of compounds, of which more than 200 are harmful substances and more than 40 are carcinogenic.

What would happen if we were to take in so many of these harmful substances every day? It can't be good for our body. Diseases that are at higher risk of developing as a result of smoking are called "smoking-related diseases."

Smoking is involved in the development of many diseases, including lung cancer. Oral cavity ( Airport )・Pharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, Renal pelvis ( Jinu )Urethra ( Nyokan ) It is a risk factor for many cancers, including cancer and pancreatic cancer (Figure 7), as well as many diseases, including ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and periodontal disease, as well as pregnancy-related abnormalities, such as low birth weight, miscarriage, and premature birth.

There is a risk of various diseases occurring all over the body, from head to toe. This is why smoking is called "slow suicide." Although the smoking rate and the number of cigarettes consumed per person have been decreasing in recent years, the harmful effects of tobacco on the body appear quite late, so the number of deaths from smoking-related diseases is steadily increasing.

In a study of the number of deaths by risk factor in Japan, it was found that smoking has the greatest impact on the number of deaths (Figure 8). It seems that many smokers started smoking when they were minors, without fully realizing the harm of tobacco. These people are at a higher risk of developing tobacco-related diseases than those who started smoking as adults.

In addition to the individual's own smoking, "passive smoking" from cigarette smoke from nearby smokers is also a risk factor for lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, respiratory diseases, and sudden infant death syndrome.

Conversely, not smoking, or quitting smoking, can be said to be a very effective disease prevention measure, since it prevents many of the diseases that smoking can cause in the future.

The social impact of tobacco

Not only the smoke that smokers inhale, but also the smoke that smokers exhale contains many harmful substances, including nicotine and tar. Inhaling cigarette smoke from cigarettes around you, even if you are not a smoker, is called passive smoking.

In 2014, more than one million people developed diseases such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction as a result of smoking, resulting in medical expenses of 1.17 trillion yen due to smoking and 320 billion yen due to passive smoking.The number of patients was 790,000 due to smoking and 240,000 due to passive smoking.

Non-smoker protection

In the 1960s, tobacco-related illnesses and deaths in developed Western countries were already at a level similar to that of Japan today, and since then, various tobacco control measures (warning labels for consumers, bans on smoking by minors, bans on smoking in public places, bans on tobacco advertising, and various other regulations, as well as increases in tobacco taxes) have been implemented, resulting in a decline in the smoking rate and per capita tobacco consumption. Only recently have the results begun to appear in the form of a decrease in tobacco-related illnesses among men.

In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, the National Personnel Authority, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and others have issued guidelines and promoted the creation of separate smoking areas. As a result, smoking bans and separate smoking areas have progressed considerably in public places, especially in transportation such as trains and airplanes, but it has been pointed out that the current situation is insufficient in many workplaces, restaurants, and other facilities.

In 2002, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare enacted Article 25 of the Health Promotion Act, which states that "Those who manage schools, gymnasiums, hospitals, theaters, viewing areas, assembly halls, exhibition halls, department stores, offices, government facilities, restaurants, and other facilities used by a large number of people must endeavor to take the necessary measures to prevent passive smoking for those using such facilities."

Takashi Wada

Figure 7 Population attributable risk of smoking - Male
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Figure 7 Population attributable risk of smoking - Male

Figure 8 Number of deaths related to risk factors in Japan - both men and women
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Figure 8 Associations by risk factor in Japan


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

 喫煙はなかなかやめることができません。それは、喫煙がニコチン依存症という精神疾患の一種だからです。アヘン、大麻、コカインと並んで、たばこの依存症は「精神および行動の障害」という疾病分類に入っています。

 常習喫煙者が禁煙すると、たばこへの渇望、短気、集中困難、不安、落ち着きのなさ、空腹などのニコチン離脱症状(りだつしょうじょう)が現れます。多くの喫煙者が、たばこをやめたいと思っていてもやめられない大きな理由は、このニコチン依存症のためなのです。

 「最近、健康のためにたばこの本数を減らしているんだ」とはよく聞く言葉です。確かに、何も考えずに好きなだけスパスパふかすよりは、心がけとしてはいいでしょう。しかし、本数を減らした場合、たばこをこれまでより深く吸う、あるいは根元まで吸うことが知られています。また、本数を減らしたところで、有害物質を体に取り込んでいることに変わりありません。

禁煙できない理由

 喫煙者の過半数は、喫煙あるいは節煙したいと思っているという報告があります。しかし、実際には「どうせ自分には禁煙なんてできない」と最初からあきらめてしまったり、やめた時に感じる不安感、喪失感を恐れて禁煙に踏み切れない人も多いようです。また、本当はやめたいけれど、他人からいわれてやめるのはいやだというのも正直な気持ちでしょう。

 これは別に、意志が特別弱いとか、プライドが高すぎるという問題ではありません。「禁煙の目的を明確にしていない」から、本気で禁煙に取り組むことができないのです。

 禁煙に取り組む意志を強くするには、何よりも、たばこに関する正しい知識を身につけ、喫煙の害がいかに大きいかを知ると同時に、禁煙によって何を得るかに目を向けることが大切です。

 また、たばこをやめる過程で意外にも大きな障害になるのが、スモーカー仲間の誘惑です。「たばこをやめるとかえってストレスになる」とか、「おれの祖父は80歳までたばこを吸っていたが元気だった」などの誘い言葉にのって、ついついたばこに手を伸ばしてしまう人も多いようです。こんな誘惑に負けないためにも、強い動機をもって禁煙に臨むことが、成功への近道といえるでしょう。

ニコチン依存状態を知る

 たばこ(ニコチン)に対して、どのくらい依存しているかを手軽に評価できる方法として、ファガストロームのニコチン依存度テスト(表16)があります。依存度が高いほど自力での禁煙は難しくなります。

禁煙後の効果

 禁煙することで、その病気にかかる危険性がどの程度低下するか(表17)を知っておくことは、禁煙を実行するうえで重要です。挫折しそうになったら思い出すようにしてください。

禁煙を始める前に行うこと

 第1に、禁煙にあたっては、それまでの喫煙する時の状況や時間などを喫煙日記として書いておきます。これにより、自分がいつ、どのような状態でたばこを吸うのかがわかります。

 第2に、なぜ喫煙をやめるのかを紙に書いて、いつでも再確認できるようにしておきます。動機が明確でないと、禁煙の目的を忘れて、再びたばこを吸い始めることになります。

 第3は、禁煙によるメリットを紙に書いて、いつでも再確認できるようにします。禁煙によって享受できるメリットを確認することで、禁煙の意志を強固なものにします。

 第4は、禁煙当初、ニコチン切れによる離脱症状が現れることを知っておきます。離脱症状には、たまらなく吸いたい、不安、怒りっぽい、だるい、口が乾く、頭がボーッとするなどです。このような症状が現れることを事前に知っておくことで、不安は軽減されます。

禁煙方法

 たばこを一気にやめる断煙法と、少しずつ減らす節煙法があります。どちらが適しているかは個人差があります。節煙法では、まず1日10本以下になるように減らしていき、そこから一気に断煙します。どうしてもできない場合は、さらに少しずつ減らしていきます。

禁煙補助剤

 ニコチン置換(ちかん)療法とは、喫煙習慣をニコチン依存ととらえ、ニコチン依存を段階的に改善しながら、禁煙に導く補助的な療法です。禁煙補助剤は、ニコチンを薬剤の形で補給し、離脱症状を和らげ、ニコチン補給量を漸減させながら、ニコチン依存状態から離脱させようというものです。

 禁煙はあくまで本人の意志によって達成されるもので、ニコチン置換療法はそれを助ける「補助」と位置づけられます。したがって、禁煙達成のためには、禁煙したい気持ちと十分な動機が大前提であり、禁煙補助剤だけでは成功しません。

●ニコチンガム

 ニコチン含有ガム製剤が薬局でも購入できます。ニコチンガムを用いた治療法は、禁煙を容易にするニコチン置換療法のひとつであり、ニコチンガムからニコチンを供給する方法です。

 ニコチンガム1個には、2㎎のニコチンが含まれ、30分かけて徐々に口腔粘膜から吸収され、たばこを1本吸った時の約半分の血中ニコチン濃度が得られます。たばこを吸いたくなったら、1個をゆっくりと約30分口の中に入れます。通常、1日6~12個から始め、1日の使用量を徐々に減らしていきます。1日1~2個となった段階で終了します。

●ニコチンパッチ

 ニコチンパッチは、ニコチンを含んでいるパッチを皮膚に貼付し、皮膚からニコチンを体内に吸収させるものです。皮膚吸収のため、ニコチンガムに比べ遅効性であり、また、たばこを吸った気分は得られません。

 パッチには含有量によって3種類の異なる大きさ(用量)があり、禁煙を開始して1~6カ月間は大きなシールを使います。その後、少量のパッチに替えていき、最後に離脱します。

和田 高士

表16 ニコチン依存度テスト
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表16 ニコチン依存度テスト

表17 禁煙による効果
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表17 禁煙による効果


喫煙
きつえん
Smoking
(生活習慣病の基礎知識)

有害物質と発がん性

 たばこの煙は、喫煙者の肺内に吸い込まれる主流煙(しゅりゅうえん)と、火のついたたばこの先から立ちのぼる副流煙(ふくりゅうえん)があります。喫煙者から吐き出される煙を呼出煙(こしゅつえん)といい、副流煙と混じり合ったものを、「環境たばこ煙」と呼んでいます。

 ニコチン、タール、一酸化炭素、これらは俗に「たばこの3悪」と呼ばれ、たばこの煙に含まれる代表的な有害物質です。たばこ煙には4000種類もの化合物が含まれており、そのうち200種類以上は有害物質で、40種類以上に発がん性があるといわれています。

 こうしたたくさんの有害物質を、毎日体に取り込んでいたらどうなるでしょうか。体によいはずがありません。喫煙によって発症の危険性が高くなる疾患を「喫煙関連疾患」といいます。

 喫煙は肺がんをはじめ、多くの疾患の発生に関与します。肺がん、喉頭(こうとう)がん、口腔(こうくう)・咽頭(いんとう)がん、食道がん、胃がん、膀胱(ぼうこう)がん、腎盂(じんう)尿管(にょうかん)がん、膵(すい)がんなど多くのがんや(図7)、虚血性心疾患、脳血管疾患、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)、歯周疾患など多くの疾患、そして低出生体重児や流・早産など、妊娠に関連した異常の危険因子です。

 まさに頭からつま先に至るまで、体中にさまざまな疾患が起こる危険性があります。喫煙が「緩慢なる自殺」と呼ばれるのはこのためです。近年は喫煙率、一人当たり消費本数は減少しているものの、たばこの身体への悪影響はかなり遅れて出現することから、喫煙関連疾患による死亡者数も増加の一途をたどっています。

 わが国におけるリスク要因別の死亡者数の検討では、喫煙が最も死亡数に影響していることが判明しました(図8)。喫煙者の多くは、たばこの害を十分に認識しないまま、未成年のうちに喫煙を開始した人が多いようです。これらの人たちは、成人になってから喫煙を開始した人に比べて、たばこ関連疾患にかかる危険性はより大きくなります。

 さらに、本人の喫煙のみならず、周囲の喫煙者のたばこ煙による「受動喫煙」も、肺がんや虚血性心疾患、呼吸器疾患、乳幼児突然死症候群などの危険因子です。

 逆にいえば、たばこを吸わないこと、あるいは禁煙することはたいへん効果的な疾病対策ということができます。喫煙が将来もたらすであろう数々の疾患を予防することになるからです。

たばこの社会的影響

 喫煙者が吸っている煙だけではなく、喫煙者が吐き出す煙にも、ニコチンやタールをはじめ多くの有害物質が含まれています。本人は喫煙しなくても身の回りのたばこの煙を吸わされてしまうことを受動喫煙といいます。

 たばこが原因で2014年度には100万人以上が、がんや脳卒中、心筋梗塞などの病気になり、喫煙で1兆1700億円、受動喫煙で3200億円の医療費が発生し、患者数は喫煙で79万人、受動喫煙で24万人にも上っています。

非喫煙者保護

 1960年代の欧米先進国では、たばこによる疾患や死亡がすでに現在の日本に近い状況であり、このころよりさまざまなたばこ抑制策(消費者に対する警告表示、未成年者の喫煙禁止や、公共の場所の禁煙、たばこ広告の禁止などのさまざまな規制や、たばこ税の増額など)を講じた結果、国民の喫煙率や一人当たりのたばこ消費量が低下しました。その成果は最近になってようやく、男性におけるたばこ関連疾患の減少という形で現れつつあります。

 日本においては、厚生労働省、人事院、東京都などが、指針を示して分煙の環境づくりを進めてきました。その結果、公共の場所、とくに鉄道・飛行機などの輸送機関における禁煙・分煙はかなり進んできましたが、多くの職場やレストランなど、その他の施設では不十分であるとの現状が指摘されていました。

 2002年、厚生労働省は健康増進法第25条により「学校、体育館、病院、劇場、観覧場、集会場、展示場、百貨店、事務所、官公庁施設、飲食店その他多数の者が利用する施設を管理する者は、これらを利用する者について、受動喫煙を防止するために必要な措置を講ずるよう努めなければならない」こととしました。

和田 高士

図7 喫煙の人口寄与危険割合-男性
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図7 喫煙の人口寄与危険割合-男性

図8 わが国におけるリスク要因別の関連死亡者数-男女計
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図8 わが国におけるリスク要因別の関連…


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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